BIOLOGY 1010 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔hypertonic - ✔✔In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater
concentration of solutes.
✔✔induced fit - ✔✔The interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of
an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the
reaction.
✔✔isotonic - ✔✔Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
✔✔kinetic energy - ✔✔Energy of motion. Moving matter performs work by transferring
its motion to other matter, such as leg muscles pushing bicycle pedals.
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔The total of all the chemical reactions in an organism.
✔✔osmoregulation - ✔✔The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes in
an organism.
✔✔osmosis - ✔✔The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
✔✔passive transport - ✔✔The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane
without any input of energy.
✔✔phagocytosis - ✔✔Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs
large molecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.
✔✔pinocytosis - ✔✔Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid
and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.
✔✔plasmolysis - ✔✔A phenomenon that occurs in plant cells in a hypertonic
environment. The cell loses water and shrivels, and its plasma membrane pulls away
from the cell wall, usually killing the cell.
✔✔Potential energy - ✔✔Stored energy; the energy that an object has due to its
location and/or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds both possess
potential energy.
✔✔receptor-mediated endocytosis - ✔✔The movement of specific molecules into a cell
by the inward budding of vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with receptor sites
specific to the molecules being taken in.
, ✔✔signal transduction pathway - ✔✔A series of molecular changes that converts a
signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
✔✔substrate - ✔✔(1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each
enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface
in or on which an organism lives.
✔✔Transport protein - ✔✔A membrane protein that helps move substances across a
cell membrane.
✔✔Aerobic - ✔✔Containing or requiring molecular oxygen (O2)
✔✔Electron Transport - ✔✔A redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction in which one or more
electrons are transferred to carrier molecules. A series of such reactions, called an
electron transport chain, can release the energy stored in high-energy molecules such
as glucose. See also electron transport chain.
✔✔electron transport chain - ✔✔A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle
electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in
the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
✔✔citric acid cycle - ✔✔The metabolic cycle that is fueled by acetyl CoA formed after
glycolysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the cycle complete the metabolic
breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of
mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the
electron transport chains. Also referred to as the Krebs cycle.
✔✔anaerobic - ✔✔Lacking or not requiring molecular oxygen (O2).
✔✔cellular respiration - ✔✔The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the
energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the
storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.
✔✔reduction - ✔✔The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction;
always accompanies oxidation.
✔✔fermentation - ✔✔The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells.
✔✔ATP synthase - ✔✔A protein cluster, found in a cellular membrane (including the
inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes), that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion
concentration gradient to make ATP from ADP. An ATP synthase provides a port
through which hydrogen ions (H1) diffuse.
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔hypertonic - ✔✔In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater
concentration of solutes.
✔✔induced fit - ✔✔The interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of
an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the
reaction.
✔✔isotonic - ✔✔Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
✔✔kinetic energy - ✔✔Energy of motion. Moving matter performs work by transferring
its motion to other matter, such as leg muscles pushing bicycle pedals.
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔The total of all the chemical reactions in an organism.
✔✔osmoregulation - ✔✔The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes in
an organism.
✔✔osmosis - ✔✔The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
✔✔passive transport - ✔✔The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane
without any input of energy.
✔✔phagocytosis - ✔✔Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs
large molecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.
✔✔pinocytosis - ✔✔Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid
and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.
✔✔plasmolysis - ✔✔A phenomenon that occurs in plant cells in a hypertonic
environment. The cell loses water and shrivels, and its plasma membrane pulls away
from the cell wall, usually killing the cell.
✔✔Potential energy - ✔✔Stored energy; the energy that an object has due to its
location and/or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds both possess
potential energy.
✔✔receptor-mediated endocytosis - ✔✔The movement of specific molecules into a cell
by the inward budding of vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with receptor sites
specific to the molecules being taken in.
, ✔✔signal transduction pathway - ✔✔A series of molecular changes that converts a
signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
✔✔substrate - ✔✔(1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each
enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface
in or on which an organism lives.
✔✔Transport protein - ✔✔A membrane protein that helps move substances across a
cell membrane.
✔✔Aerobic - ✔✔Containing or requiring molecular oxygen (O2)
✔✔Electron Transport - ✔✔A redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction in which one or more
electrons are transferred to carrier molecules. A series of such reactions, called an
electron transport chain, can release the energy stored in high-energy molecules such
as glucose. See also electron transport chain.
✔✔electron transport chain - ✔✔A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle
electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in
the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
✔✔citric acid cycle - ✔✔The metabolic cycle that is fueled by acetyl CoA formed after
glycolysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the cycle complete the metabolic
breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of
mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the
electron transport chains. Also referred to as the Krebs cycle.
✔✔anaerobic - ✔✔Lacking or not requiring molecular oxygen (O2).
✔✔cellular respiration - ✔✔The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the
energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the
storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.
✔✔reduction - ✔✔The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction;
always accompanies oxidation.
✔✔fermentation - ✔✔The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells.
✔✔ATP synthase - ✔✔A protein cluster, found in a cellular membrane (including the
inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes), that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion
concentration gradient to make ATP from ADP. An ATP synthase provides a port
through which hydrogen ions (H1) diffuse.
