BIOLOGY 1010 UPDATED 2026 EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Atomic Number is the - ✔✔number of protons in nucleus
✔✔In a neutral atom the # of electrons ______ the # of protons - ✔✔equal
✔✔How many electrons can all three energy shells hold? - ✔✔1st (closest) can hold 2
electrons
2nd can hold 8 electrons
3rd can hold 8 electrons
=18
✔✔The Valence shell is - ✔✔an atom's outer-most energy shell
✔✔A Molecule is - ✔✔two or more atoms covalently bonded together
✔✔A Compound is - ✔✔two or more elemental materials united in a definite ratio
✔✔Electronegativity is - ✔✔an atom's ability to attract electrons
✔✔An Ion is - ✔✔charged atoms; have unequal numbers of electrons and protons
✔✔An Isotope is - ✔✔atom with same number of protons but different number of
neutrons
✔✔A Covalent Bond is - ✔✔2 or more atoms share pairs of electrons to form molecules
✔✔An Ionic Bond is - ✔✔attraction between oppositely charged ions
✔✔Polarity is - ✔✔partial charges on molecules due to unequal sharing of electrons
✔✔A Polar Covalent Bond is when - ✔✔atoms share electrons unequally
✔✔A Hydrogen Bond is what - ✔✔forms when partial positive regions of one polar
molecule are attracted to the partial negative regions of another polar molecule
✔✔The 7 Properties of Water: - ✔✔cohesion
adhesion
high surface tension
resists temperature change
water expands when frozen - solid (ice) less dense than liquid
evaporative cooling
solvent for many molecules, atoms, and ions
, ✔✔Cohesion is - ✔✔the sticking together of particles of the same substance.
✔✔Adhesion - ✔✔the action or process of adhering to a surface or object.
✔✔Solvent - ✔✔able to dissolve other substances.
✔✔Solution - ✔✔a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly
distributed within the major component (the solvent).
✔✔Solute - ✔✔the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.
✔✔Hydrophilic - ✔✔having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
Loves Water.
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔tending to repel or fail to mix with water. Hates Water.
✔✔Evaporation - ✔✔is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a
gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.
✔✔When liquid water begins to freeze, the molecules move - ✔✔apart for maximum
stability of their hydrogen bonds.
✔✔Ice is ______ dense than liquid water - ✔✔Less
✔✔Three States of Water on Earth - ✔✔Solid
Liquid
Gas
✔✔Acid is - ✔✔a substance that causes increase of H+ ions in a solution
✔✔Base is - ✔✔a substance which makes the concentration of OH- ions exceed the
concentration of H+ ions
✔✔Neutral is - ✔✔a substance which contains as much H+ as it does OH-
✔✔Buffer is - ✔✔a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and
OH- ions in a solution. They help maintain a constant pH by consuming or releasing H+.
✔✔Phosphate - ✔✔
✔✔Amino - ✔✔
✔✔Carboxyl - ✔✔
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Atomic Number is the - ✔✔number of protons in nucleus
✔✔In a neutral atom the # of electrons ______ the # of protons - ✔✔equal
✔✔How many electrons can all three energy shells hold? - ✔✔1st (closest) can hold 2
electrons
2nd can hold 8 electrons
3rd can hold 8 electrons
=18
✔✔The Valence shell is - ✔✔an atom's outer-most energy shell
✔✔A Molecule is - ✔✔two or more atoms covalently bonded together
✔✔A Compound is - ✔✔two or more elemental materials united in a definite ratio
✔✔Electronegativity is - ✔✔an atom's ability to attract electrons
✔✔An Ion is - ✔✔charged atoms; have unequal numbers of electrons and protons
✔✔An Isotope is - ✔✔atom with same number of protons but different number of
neutrons
✔✔A Covalent Bond is - ✔✔2 or more atoms share pairs of electrons to form molecules
✔✔An Ionic Bond is - ✔✔attraction between oppositely charged ions
✔✔Polarity is - ✔✔partial charges on molecules due to unequal sharing of electrons
✔✔A Polar Covalent Bond is when - ✔✔atoms share electrons unequally
✔✔A Hydrogen Bond is what - ✔✔forms when partial positive regions of one polar
molecule are attracted to the partial negative regions of another polar molecule
✔✔The 7 Properties of Water: - ✔✔cohesion
adhesion
high surface tension
resists temperature change
water expands when frozen - solid (ice) less dense than liquid
evaporative cooling
solvent for many molecules, atoms, and ions
, ✔✔Cohesion is - ✔✔the sticking together of particles of the same substance.
✔✔Adhesion - ✔✔the action or process of adhering to a surface or object.
✔✔Solvent - ✔✔able to dissolve other substances.
✔✔Solution - ✔✔a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly
distributed within the major component (the solvent).
✔✔Solute - ✔✔the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.
✔✔Hydrophilic - ✔✔having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
Loves Water.
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔tending to repel or fail to mix with water. Hates Water.
✔✔Evaporation - ✔✔is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a
gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.
✔✔When liquid water begins to freeze, the molecules move - ✔✔apart for maximum
stability of their hydrogen bonds.
✔✔Ice is ______ dense than liquid water - ✔✔Less
✔✔Three States of Water on Earth - ✔✔Solid
Liquid
Gas
✔✔Acid is - ✔✔a substance that causes increase of H+ ions in a solution
✔✔Base is - ✔✔a substance which makes the concentration of OH- ions exceed the
concentration of H+ ions
✔✔Neutral is - ✔✔a substance which contains as much H+ as it does OH-
✔✔Buffer is - ✔✔a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and
OH- ions in a solution. They help maintain a constant pH by consuming or releasing H+.
✔✔Phosphate - ✔✔
✔✔Amino - ✔✔
✔✔Carboxyl - ✔✔
