NEET Essentials:
Human Physiology Comprehensive Notebook
Advanced Revision Module
(Expanded Edition with Illustrations and Assessment)
Contents
1 Digestion and Absorption 2
1.1 Histology and the Enteric Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Visual: The Gastric and Intestinal Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Enzymatic Cascade and Secretions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Breathing and Exchange of Gases 2
2.1 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Transport of O2 and CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Visual: Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Body Fluids and Circulation 3
3.1 The Clotting Cascade (Simplified for NEET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 The Cardiac Cycle (0.8s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Excretory Products and Their Elimination 4
4.1 Urine Formation Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Visual: The Counter-Current Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Locomotion and Movement 4
5.1 Skeletal Muscle Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Neural Control and Coordination 5
6.1 Nerve Impulse Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2 Human Eye and Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 Chemical Coordination and Integration 5
7.1 Mechanism of Hormone Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8 Self-Assessment Answer Key 7
9 Quick Revision Glossary 8
1
, NEET Biology Revision Series Human Physiology: Comprehensive Guide
Chapter 1: Digestion and Absorption
1.1 Histology and the Enteric Nervous System
The wall of the alimentary canal consists of four layers. For NEET, understand the specific in-
nervation:
• Auerbach’s (Myenteric) Plexus: Located between circular and longitudinal muscles. Con-
trols motility.
• Meissner’s (Submucosal) Plexus: Located in the submucosa. Controls secretions.
1.2 Visual: The Gastric and Intestinal Flow
Esophagus
Stomach (pH 1.8)
Duodenum
to Jejunum
Figure 1: The Upper Gastrointestinal Anatomy
1.3 Enzymatic Cascade and Secretions
• Bile: Contains bile salts (Sodium glycocholate/taurocholate), phospholipids, and choles-
terol. No enzymes. Essential for Emulsification.
• Pancreatic Juice: Contains Trypsinogen. Activated by Enterokinase (secreted by intesti-
nal mucosa).
Self-Assessment Checkpoint
1. Name the cell that secretes HCl and Intrinsic Factor.
2. Where are Brunner’s glands specifically located?
3. What is the inactive form of Pepsin?
4. Which enzyme activates Trypsinogen into Trypsin?
5. What is the name of the protein-coated fat globules absorbed in the lacteals?
Chapter 2: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
2.1 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• Vital Capacity (VC): ERV + T V + IRV . The maximum volume a person can breathe in
after a forced expiration.
• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): ERV + RV .
2
Human Physiology Comprehensive Notebook
Advanced Revision Module
(Expanded Edition with Illustrations and Assessment)
Contents
1 Digestion and Absorption 2
1.1 Histology and the Enteric Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Visual: The Gastric and Intestinal Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Enzymatic Cascade and Secretions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Breathing and Exchange of Gases 2
2.1 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Transport of O2 and CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Visual: Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Body Fluids and Circulation 3
3.1 The Clotting Cascade (Simplified for NEET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 The Cardiac Cycle (0.8s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Excretory Products and Their Elimination 4
4.1 Urine Formation Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Visual: The Counter-Current Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Locomotion and Movement 4
5.1 Skeletal Muscle Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Neural Control and Coordination 5
6.1 Nerve Impulse Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2 Human Eye and Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 Chemical Coordination and Integration 5
7.1 Mechanism of Hormone Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8 Self-Assessment Answer Key 7
9 Quick Revision Glossary 8
1
, NEET Biology Revision Series Human Physiology: Comprehensive Guide
Chapter 1: Digestion and Absorption
1.1 Histology and the Enteric Nervous System
The wall of the alimentary canal consists of four layers. For NEET, understand the specific in-
nervation:
• Auerbach’s (Myenteric) Plexus: Located between circular and longitudinal muscles. Con-
trols motility.
• Meissner’s (Submucosal) Plexus: Located in the submucosa. Controls secretions.
1.2 Visual: The Gastric and Intestinal Flow
Esophagus
Stomach (pH 1.8)
Duodenum
to Jejunum
Figure 1: The Upper Gastrointestinal Anatomy
1.3 Enzymatic Cascade and Secretions
• Bile: Contains bile salts (Sodium glycocholate/taurocholate), phospholipids, and choles-
terol. No enzymes. Essential for Emulsification.
• Pancreatic Juice: Contains Trypsinogen. Activated by Enterokinase (secreted by intesti-
nal mucosa).
Self-Assessment Checkpoint
1. Name the cell that secretes HCl and Intrinsic Factor.
2. Where are Brunner’s glands specifically located?
3. What is the inactive form of Pepsin?
4. Which enzyme activates Trypsinogen into Trypsin?
5. What is the name of the protein-coated fat globules absorbed in the lacteals?
Chapter 2: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
2.1 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• Vital Capacity (VC): ERV + T V + IRV . The maximum volume a person can breathe in
after a forced expiration.
• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): ERV + RV .
2
