NR 60 Exam Questions With Detailed Correct Answers

Since the 1990s, there have been few significant amendments to major federal environmental legislation. Which of the following is NOT one of them? - correct answers 2002 Endangered Species Act Amendments The UN-sponsored Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, 1972, was the first gathering of the world's heads of state on the issue of international environmental law. This conference launched a wave of of international agreements. Which of the following is one of them? - correct answers All of the above are international agreements agreed to at the time. The Environmental Defense Fund, a grassroots organization, was founded in ____ (year) to ban the use of the pesticide DDT in Long Island. - correct answers 1967 Even up to the turn of the 20th century, despite the construction of city sewers and early attempts at controlling air and water pollution, London still had "killer fogs" and Chicago's rivers congealed from the run-off of its slaughterhouses. As a practical matter, pollution regulation didn't exist. - correct answers True Dilution is a solution to pollution. - correct answers False The 1960s saw passage of landmark environmental laws such as which of the following? - correct answers All of these environmental laws were passed in the 1960s. Who was the first Chief of the U.S. Forest Service? - correct answers Gifford Pinchot What is the name of the river dammed in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, which was part of Yosemite National Park? - correct answers Tuolomne River Despite the support of the Hetch Hetchy Dam by the President, Congress, and Gifford Pinchot, John Muir led a more effective opposition campaign than anyone anticipated. - correct answers True According to sources in the textbook, humans have loved wild things and places all throughout history. - correct answers False Lawmakers always have it easy when making environmental policy because we only elect those with the best scientific minds and training. - correct answers False In regards to the cost-benefit analysis, money is the only concern. - correct answers False With environmental justice, focus on the distribution of environmental burdens and policies is termed, "procedural environmental justice," while focus on the process by which environmental decisions are made in the United States is termed, "substantive environmental justice." - correct answers False In the view of most advocates of environmental justice , local communities should have a significant, if not controlling voice in decisions and activities that impact their residents' lives. - correct answers True Four general frameworks are frequently utilized when faced with a sensitive decisions. - correct answers Green Washing The current pace and manner of economic expansion may be incompatible with environmental protection, and has led to many environmental crises such as ____________________________. - correct answers All of the above Rights arguments don't always favor greater environmental protection. For example, the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment affirms the _______________ of all nations to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies. - correct answers sovereign right In litigation, the injury-in-fact requirement for _____________ traditionally has required physical or economic injury to the plaintiff. - correct answers Standing In terms of cognitive biases, when it comes time to decide how to solve an environmental problem, people similarly believe that _______ should bear most, if not all, of the burden of the solution. - correct answers others Many environmental amenities, such as clean air and scenic vistas, are called ____________. - correct answers public goods Statutes and regulations are often described as reactive rather than proactive. Common law, however, if properly researched and written, can address present and future conduct, thus preventing harm. - correct answers False There is a range of policy approaches available to overcome the tragedy of the commons: the so-called "Five P's", which of the following is NOT one of them? - correct answers Personal Privacy Which of the following is a criticism of the very young field of environmental protection (~40 years)? - correct answers All of the above In passing environmental laws, Congress has relied primarily on its ability to regulate interstate commerce. - correct answers True Citizen groups have no power and no way to shape environmental law. - correct answers False The Constitution allows for the taking of privately owned property for the public use or good: - correct answers only when just compensation is paid By 1960, over _____________ Americans belonged to major conservation organizations. - correct answers 300,000 During their first few courses, many environmental law students have found that environmental laws are quite clear and easy to understand. - correct answers False While a court is trying to determine "standing" of a plaintiff, injury must be demonstrated. Which of the following injuries would be considered? - correct answers All of the above A SLAPP suit is when someone slaps you with a law suit. - correct answers False The key to criminal (versus civil) enforcement is intent—a person or organization has knowingly and willingly committed the illegal act. - correct answers True The EPA has adopted penalty policies for each of the major environmental statutes. Most penalty policies start by focusing on two factors. Which of the following is NOT one of them? - correct answers The taxes paid on a gallon of gasoline Self-reporting is the primary source of information on environmental noncompliance. - correct answers True Which of the following actions can lead to criminal sanctions against individuals or corporate officers for environmental violations? - correct answers All of the above The U.S. EPA wields the primary implementation and enforcement authority for most environmental statutes - correct answers True The U.S. DOJ serves as the EPA's lawyer but this never causes problems with other governmental agencies. - correct answers False Certain areas of environmental law still face significant levels of noncompliance and the vast majority of polluters escape punishment. - correct answers True Political citizens are defined as those who are willing to comply with laws that they consider to be just, but may violate those they believe are unprincipled or enforced in a capricious and unfair fashion. - correct answers True Political citizens are defined as those - correct answers True To facilitate the oversight, congress - correct answers Can do all o