NUR 211 Final Exam Study Guide (A+ Guide)

Cellular Regulation Cancer - is a group of complex of diseases with various manifestations depending on the body system that is affected and the type of tumor cells involved. Cancer is a complex disease with hundreds of agents. The development of cancer is in which normal cells are changed and acquire a malignant property. o Disease process that begins when abnormal cell is transformed by genetic mutation of cellular DNA o Metastasis: abnormal cells have invasive characteristics, infiltrate other tissues o Malignant cancer cells: demonstrate uncontrolled growth that does not follow physiologic demand Risk Factors for cancer. o Heredity o Age o Gender o Poverty o Stress o Diet o Occupation o Infection o Tobacco Use o Alcohol Use o Recreational Drug Use o Obesity o Sun Exposure o Hyperplasia: is the increase in the number or density of normal cells. This is response to stress o Metaplasia: is the normal pattern of differential such as dividing cells differential into cells types not normally o Dysplasia: represents a loss of DNA control over differential. It shows abnormal variations in size, shape an appearance o Anaplasia: The regression of a cell to an immune or differentiated cell type. Theories of Carcinogenesis: o Cellular Mutation, cellular mutation suggests that carcinogens cause mutations in cellular DNA. o The carcinogenic process has three stages; o Initiation –involves permanent damages in the cellular DNA, as a result of exposure carcinogen o Promotion – may last for year and includes conditions, such as smoking or alcohol use. o Progression - cell replication develop into cancer Two types of Neoplasm's: o Benign Neoplasm's: o localized o Formed a solid border o Well encapsulated o Usually stop growing o Typically, harmless, but can be destructive o Malignant Neoplasm's: o Grows aggressively and do not respond to the body homeostatic controls o Present with irregular borders o Can surround tissue causing bleeding, inflammation and necrosis. o Malignant cells from the primary tumor can travel through the blood stream through the blood and lymph to other organs. This can invade other organs causing metastasis. Metastasis means spreading Characteristics of Malignant Cells o Loss of regulation of the rate of mitosis o Loss of specialization and differentiate o Loss of contact inhibition