RUTGERS UNIVERSITY BIO 116 FINAL EXAM
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
◉vitamins. Answer: organic compounds required in small amounts
and support biochemical functions; many act as coenzymes
◉water soluble vitamins. Answer: cannot be stored; B complex
vitamin, vitamin C
◉vitamin C. Answer: collagen synthesis, antioxidant (destroys
reactive molecules produced when cells use oxygen); improves iron
absorption; deficiency = scurvy
◉fat soluble vitamins. Answer: vitamins that can be stored; vitamin
A, D, K
◉vitamin A. Answer: retinol; converted to retinal (part of rhodopsin,
pigment in rods of eye); deficiency = blindness
,◉vitamin D. Answer: promote calcium absorption; essential to
normal growth; deficiency in children = rickets (defective bone
growth); deficiency in adults = osteomalacia (bone softening); skin
exposure to UV radiation triggers reaction to produce this vitamin
◉vitamin K. Answer: essential for synthesis for blood clotting
proteins; large intestine bacteria E. coli produces
◉inorganic mineral. Answer: ingested in the form of salts dissolved
in food and water
◉major minerals. Answer: required in at least 200 mg/day
◉calcium. Answer: bones and teeth, blood clotting, nerve
transmission and muscle function
◉phosphorus. Answer: bones and teeth, ATP, nucleic acids,
phospholipids
◉sulfur. Answer: proteins - disulfide bridges
◉potassium and sodium. Answer: principle positive ions in cells and
interstitial fluids; nerve function; ion balance; water balance
, ◉chloride. Answer: principle negative ion; water balance; nerve
function; production of gastric juice (HCl)
◉magnesium. Answer: enzyme cofactor necessary for muscle and
nerve function
◉trace elements. Answer: required in amounts less than 200
mg/day
◉iron. Answer: hemoglobin; cytochromes (found in mitochondria,
ETC)
◉iodide. Answer: thyroid hormones
◉malnutrition. Answer: diet lacks one or more essential nutrients;
diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than required
◉chyme. Answer: acidic mixture comprised of partially digested
food; amino acids and fatty acids in chyme trigger release of
digestive hormones by duodenum
◉CCK (cholecystokinin). Answer: transferred in bloodstream;
stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
◉vitamins. Answer: organic compounds required in small amounts
and support biochemical functions; many act as coenzymes
◉water soluble vitamins. Answer: cannot be stored; B complex
vitamin, vitamin C
◉vitamin C. Answer: collagen synthesis, antioxidant (destroys
reactive molecules produced when cells use oxygen); improves iron
absorption; deficiency = scurvy
◉fat soluble vitamins. Answer: vitamins that can be stored; vitamin
A, D, K
◉vitamin A. Answer: retinol; converted to retinal (part of rhodopsin,
pigment in rods of eye); deficiency = blindness
,◉vitamin D. Answer: promote calcium absorption; essential to
normal growth; deficiency in children = rickets (defective bone
growth); deficiency in adults = osteomalacia (bone softening); skin
exposure to UV radiation triggers reaction to produce this vitamin
◉vitamin K. Answer: essential for synthesis for blood clotting
proteins; large intestine bacteria E. coli produces
◉inorganic mineral. Answer: ingested in the form of salts dissolved
in food and water
◉major minerals. Answer: required in at least 200 mg/day
◉calcium. Answer: bones and teeth, blood clotting, nerve
transmission and muscle function
◉phosphorus. Answer: bones and teeth, ATP, nucleic acids,
phospholipids
◉sulfur. Answer: proteins - disulfide bridges
◉potassium and sodium. Answer: principle positive ions in cells and
interstitial fluids; nerve function; ion balance; water balance
, ◉chloride. Answer: principle negative ion; water balance; nerve
function; production of gastric juice (HCl)
◉magnesium. Answer: enzyme cofactor necessary for muscle and
nerve function
◉trace elements. Answer: required in amounts less than 200
mg/day
◉iron. Answer: hemoglobin; cytochromes (found in mitochondria,
ETC)
◉iodide. Answer: thyroid hormones
◉malnutrition. Answer: diet lacks one or more essential nutrients;
diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than required
◉chyme. Answer: acidic mixture comprised of partially digested
food; amino acids and fatty acids in chyme trigger release of
digestive hormones by duodenum
◉CCK (cholecystokinin). Answer: transferred in bloodstream;
stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from
