NS 3310: Quiz 3 & Final exam EXAM QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS RECENT AND
COMPREHENSIVE VERSION GUARANTEED PASS
WITH INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD.
antioxidant vitamins
vitamin E and C
Vitamin E is ______ soluble
fat
Skim milk
removes fat from the milk, therefore, it removes any fat soluble substance
-vitamin E, therefore, is removed from skim milk
What happens when you feed rats skim milk?
the rats are essentially being fed vitamin E deficient diets, they exhibit reduced growth
Where did vitamin E get its name tocopherol
-when discovered, it was discovered that it 'permitted' rats to reproduce'
,-because permits animal to bear offspring was given the name 'tokos' [greek for offspring], 'pherien' [
Greek for 'to bear'] and 'ol' [to denote that it is an alcohol]
Bioactivity of vitamin E
an antioxidant (accepts electrons)
-acts as a protector for membranes
Three forms of tocopherol
alpha, gamma, delta
What is the main structural difference between alpha, beta, and gamma tocopherols
the difference is in the methyl substitutions on the chroman ring
-alpha has the most substituted ring
-delta is the least bioactive and has the least number of methyl substitutions on the chroman ring
-bioactivity is reduced by incomplete methylation of the chroman ring
which form of tocopherol does our body have selective retention for?
alpha-tocopherol
what does incomplete methylation allow for
makes the tocopherol a better substrate for hepatic enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing
tocopherols to water-soluble excretable forms
-means that delta and gamma are more easily excreted, and alpha experiences selective retention in the
body
,Can you interconvert different forms of tocopherol in the body?
alpha --> gamma --> delta tocopherol are NOT interconvertable
relative bioactivities of alpha, gamma, delta tocopherols
alpha: 100
gamma: 10
delta: 1
What is the active group of tocopherols
the OH on the chroman ring
-all of them also contain a hydrophobic tail which allows vitamin E to situation in the hydrophobic
membranes
vitamin E content of plant vs. animal products
-in fats/oils no matter what (b/c fat soluble)
-animals seem to have much less vitamin E when you look at mg/100g BUT have a different distribtuion
-animal fats have high content of alpha T (compared to plant oils)
-plants have higher gamma and delta content (less bioactive)
soy oil vs. lard bioactivity
100% more vitmain E in soy oil as compared to lard, but lard has 90% alpha-tocopherol, and soy only has
10%
, We are or are not what we eat?
we are NOT what we eat
-we eat a lot of gamma tocopherol becuase generally we have plant based fat sources (palnt oils)
-but only a small amount of gamma and delta T ends up in our plasma and tissues (body composition)
When rats consume a diet that has 2x as much gamma tocopherol what happens to their tissue gamma
tocopherol content
it does not double
-we are not what we eat
-there is some mechanism that alters the ratio of gamma/alpha in their bodies
-the ratio is much less than 1 despite dietary gamma: alpha 2:1
plasma CPK
plasm creatine phsopho kinase
-indicative of muscle damage
-prominent sign of vitamin E deficiency
What does high serum CPK mean?
CPK is an intracellular muscle enzyme
-during vitamin E deficiency muscles become 'leaky' and CPK leaks out into the plasms
-therefore, indicating vitamin E deficiency
How can I measure relative bioactivity of different tocopherols
give doses of vitamin E and measure plasma CPK
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS RECENT AND
COMPREHENSIVE VERSION GUARANTEED PASS
WITH INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD.
antioxidant vitamins
vitamin E and C
Vitamin E is ______ soluble
fat
Skim milk
removes fat from the milk, therefore, it removes any fat soluble substance
-vitamin E, therefore, is removed from skim milk
What happens when you feed rats skim milk?
the rats are essentially being fed vitamin E deficient diets, they exhibit reduced growth
Where did vitamin E get its name tocopherol
-when discovered, it was discovered that it 'permitted' rats to reproduce'
,-because permits animal to bear offspring was given the name 'tokos' [greek for offspring], 'pherien' [
Greek for 'to bear'] and 'ol' [to denote that it is an alcohol]
Bioactivity of vitamin E
an antioxidant (accepts electrons)
-acts as a protector for membranes
Three forms of tocopherol
alpha, gamma, delta
What is the main structural difference between alpha, beta, and gamma tocopherols
the difference is in the methyl substitutions on the chroman ring
-alpha has the most substituted ring
-delta is the least bioactive and has the least number of methyl substitutions on the chroman ring
-bioactivity is reduced by incomplete methylation of the chroman ring
which form of tocopherol does our body have selective retention for?
alpha-tocopherol
what does incomplete methylation allow for
makes the tocopherol a better substrate for hepatic enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing
tocopherols to water-soluble excretable forms
-means that delta and gamma are more easily excreted, and alpha experiences selective retention in the
body
,Can you interconvert different forms of tocopherol in the body?
alpha --> gamma --> delta tocopherol are NOT interconvertable
relative bioactivities of alpha, gamma, delta tocopherols
alpha: 100
gamma: 10
delta: 1
What is the active group of tocopherols
the OH on the chroman ring
-all of them also contain a hydrophobic tail which allows vitamin E to situation in the hydrophobic
membranes
vitamin E content of plant vs. animal products
-in fats/oils no matter what (b/c fat soluble)
-animals seem to have much less vitamin E when you look at mg/100g BUT have a different distribtuion
-animal fats have high content of alpha T (compared to plant oils)
-plants have higher gamma and delta content (less bioactive)
soy oil vs. lard bioactivity
100% more vitmain E in soy oil as compared to lard, but lard has 90% alpha-tocopherol, and soy only has
10%
, We are or are not what we eat?
we are NOT what we eat
-we eat a lot of gamma tocopherol becuase generally we have plant based fat sources (palnt oils)
-but only a small amount of gamma and delta T ends up in our plasma and tissues (body composition)
When rats consume a diet that has 2x as much gamma tocopherol what happens to their tissue gamma
tocopherol content
it does not double
-we are not what we eat
-there is some mechanism that alters the ratio of gamma/alpha in their bodies
-the ratio is much less than 1 despite dietary gamma: alpha 2:1
plasma CPK
plasm creatine phsopho kinase
-indicative of muscle damage
-prominent sign of vitamin E deficiency
What does high serum CPK mean?
CPK is an intracellular muscle enzyme
-during vitamin E deficiency muscles become 'leaky' and CPK leaks out into the plasms
-therefore, indicating vitamin E deficiency
How can I measure relative bioactivity of different tocopherols
give doses of vitamin E and measure plasma CPK
