ALTERATIONS IN IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATORY
2026 EXAM SCRIPT UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔antigens - ✔✔thymus selection is something that only allows T cells that are able to
detect ___ are allowed to mature (versus those who may detect self and attach self)
✔✔lymph nodes - ✔✔___ are small collections of lymphoid tissue located along
lymphatic vessels throughout the body
✔✔axilla, groin, neck, thorax, and abdomen - ✔✔where are lymph nodes located?
✔✔1. remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the blood stream
2. serves as a hub for reproduction of immune cells - ✔✔what are the 2 functions of
lymph nodes?
✔✔left abdominal - ✔✔the spleen is located in the ___ cavity
✔✔1. filters antigens from the blood
2. site of RBC destruction - ✔✔what are the 2 functions of the spleen
✔✔b lymphocytes - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by ___
✔✔T cells - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the
blood flows through the spleen it is monitored by ___ for any antigens
✔✔B cells (memory type)
antibodies - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the
blood flows through the spleen it is monitored by T cells for any antigens- if any
"suspicious" invaders are spotted, ___ are activated and will activate ___ in order to
destroy the invader
✔✔-macrophages
-RBC - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the blood
flows through the spleen it is monitored by T cells for any antigens- if any "suspicious"
invaders are spotted, B cells (memory type) are activated and will activate antibodies in
order to destroy the invader. in addition, blood vessels of the spleen are lined with ___
that swallow and digest debris in the blood such as destroyed ___
✔✔lymphoid tissue - ✔✔___ contains immune cells standing guard
✔✔-neutrophils
,-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes / macrophages - ✔✔what are the 4 leukocytes in WBC's
✔✔55-70% - ✔✔neutrophils consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔-1st responder
-phagocytic
-bacterial - ✔✔what are 3 characteristics of neutrophils?
✔✔Bands - ✔✔___ are immature neutrophils
✔✔bacterial - ✔✔you might see an increase in the number of immature neutrophils
during a ___ invasion
✔✔1-4% - ✔✔eosinophils consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔GI and respiratory tract - ✔✔eosinophils are mainly found where?
✔✔parasitic and allergic - ✔✔eosinophils increase in number with ___ and ___
reactions
✔✔GI - ✔✔parasites enter the ___ tract mainly
✔✔inflammatory and allergic/ hypersensitivity - ✔✔Basophils increase in number with
___ and ___ responses
✔✔0.5-1% - ✔✔basophils consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔histamine - ✔✔basophils release ___ from mast cells
✔✔mast cells - ✔✔basophils release histamine from ___
✔✔2-8% - ✔✔monocytes/ macrophages consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔macrophages - ✔✔monocytes mature into ___; after maturing, the macrophage
travels and then resides in different tissues of the body
✔✔differentiates - ✔✔when the macrophage takes up residence in a particular tissue,
the macrophage ___ into tissue that is specific to the resident host
✔✔-kupffer cells in the liver
-alveolar macrophages in the lungs
, -microglia in the brain - ✔✔what are 3 examples of macrophages that have
differentiated into the tissue that they reside
✔✔phagocytic leukocytes - ✔✔macrophages are big ___; "big eaters"
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔macrophages engulf the ___, chew it up, process it, and spit it out
✔✔presenter cells - ✔✔macrophages are known as ___ because they inform Helper T
cells and activate cytokines
✔✔-Helper T cells
-Cytokines - ✔✔macrophages are known as "presenter cells" because they inform ___
and activate ___
✔✔macrophages - ✔✔___ like to hangout for a while once they have arrived
✔✔chronic/ long term - ✔✔macrophages are see with ___ infections
✔✔brain, liver, and alveoli - ✔✔we have macrophages in what 3 places that reside in
the body
✔✔immune system - ✔✔macrophages are called presenter cells because they present
a pathogen to the ___
✔✔macrophages - ✔✔what leukocyte comes after neutrophils?
✔✔-B lymphocyte
-T lymphocyte
-Natural killer cells - ✔✔what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
✔✔spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood - ✔✔where are natural killer cells
found?
✔✔tumor cells (cancer) and virus infected cells - ✔✔what does natural killer cells kill?
✔✔natural killer cells - ✔✔___ are programmed to KILL- does not need to recognize the
pathogen
✔✔dendritic cells - ✔✔___ serve as "go between" for innate and adaptive immune
systems
✔✔antigens - ✔✔dedritic cells circulate as immature cells and are activated when they
come in contact with an ___
2026 EXAM SCRIPT UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔antigens - ✔✔thymus selection is something that only allows T cells that are able to
detect ___ are allowed to mature (versus those who may detect self and attach self)
✔✔lymph nodes - ✔✔___ are small collections of lymphoid tissue located along
lymphatic vessels throughout the body
✔✔axilla, groin, neck, thorax, and abdomen - ✔✔where are lymph nodes located?
✔✔1. remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the blood stream
2. serves as a hub for reproduction of immune cells - ✔✔what are the 2 functions of
lymph nodes?
✔✔left abdominal - ✔✔the spleen is located in the ___ cavity
✔✔1. filters antigens from the blood
2. site of RBC destruction - ✔✔what are the 2 functions of the spleen
✔✔b lymphocytes - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by ___
✔✔T cells - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the
blood flows through the spleen it is monitored by ___ for any antigens
✔✔B cells (memory type)
antibodies - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the
blood flows through the spleen it is monitored by T cells for any antigens- if any
"suspicious" invaders are spotted, ___ are activated and will activate ___ in order to
destroy the invader
✔✔-macrophages
-RBC - ✔✔blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the blood
flows through the spleen it is monitored by T cells for any antigens- if any "suspicious"
invaders are spotted, B cells (memory type) are activated and will activate antibodies in
order to destroy the invader. in addition, blood vessels of the spleen are lined with ___
that swallow and digest debris in the blood such as destroyed ___
✔✔lymphoid tissue - ✔✔___ contains immune cells standing guard
✔✔-neutrophils
,-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes / macrophages - ✔✔what are the 4 leukocytes in WBC's
✔✔55-70% - ✔✔neutrophils consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔-1st responder
-phagocytic
-bacterial - ✔✔what are 3 characteristics of neutrophils?
✔✔Bands - ✔✔___ are immature neutrophils
✔✔bacterial - ✔✔you might see an increase in the number of immature neutrophils
during a ___ invasion
✔✔1-4% - ✔✔eosinophils consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔GI and respiratory tract - ✔✔eosinophils are mainly found where?
✔✔parasitic and allergic - ✔✔eosinophils increase in number with ___ and ___
reactions
✔✔GI - ✔✔parasites enter the ___ tract mainly
✔✔inflammatory and allergic/ hypersensitivity - ✔✔Basophils increase in number with
___ and ___ responses
✔✔0.5-1% - ✔✔basophils consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔histamine - ✔✔basophils release ___ from mast cells
✔✔mast cells - ✔✔basophils release histamine from ___
✔✔2-8% - ✔✔monocytes/ macrophages consist of ___% of WBC count
✔✔macrophages - ✔✔monocytes mature into ___; after maturing, the macrophage
travels and then resides in different tissues of the body
✔✔differentiates - ✔✔when the macrophage takes up residence in a particular tissue,
the macrophage ___ into tissue that is specific to the resident host
✔✔-kupffer cells in the liver
-alveolar macrophages in the lungs
, -microglia in the brain - ✔✔what are 3 examples of macrophages that have
differentiated into the tissue that they reside
✔✔phagocytic leukocytes - ✔✔macrophages are big ___; "big eaters"
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔macrophages engulf the ___, chew it up, process it, and spit it out
✔✔presenter cells - ✔✔macrophages are known as ___ because they inform Helper T
cells and activate cytokines
✔✔-Helper T cells
-Cytokines - ✔✔macrophages are known as "presenter cells" because they inform ___
and activate ___
✔✔macrophages - ✔✔___ like to hangout for a while once they have arrived
✔✔chronic/ long term - ✔✔macrophages are see with ___ infections
✔✔brain, liver, and alveoli - ✔✔we have macrophages in what 3 places that reside in
the body
✔✔immune system - ✔✔macrophages are called presenter cells because they present
a pathogen to the ___
✔✔macrophages - ✔✔what leukocyte comes after neutrophils?
✔✔-B lymphocyte
-T lymphocyte
-Natural killer cells - ✔✔what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
✔✔spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood - ✔✔where are natural killer cells
found?
✔✔tumor cells (cancer) and virus infected cells - ✔✔what does natural killer cells kill?
✔✔natural killer cells - ✔✔___ are programmed to KILL- does not need to recognize the
pathogen
✔✔dendritic cells - ✔✔___ serve as "go between" for innate and adaptive immune
systems
✔✔antigens - ✔✔dedritic cells circulate as immature cells and are activated when they
come in contact with an ___
