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Hierarchical flow of authority within an organization.
Planned change
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Change is intentional and structured
Lewin's change model
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:Unfreeze (prepare for change), Change (implement), Refreeze (solidify
new practices).
Corporate and business level strategies
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Corporate-level strategies guide the entire organization (e.g., growth,
stability), while business-level strategies focus on competitive positioning.
Job characteristics approach
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Designing jobs with elements like skill variety and task significance to
enhance satisfaction.
Matrix design
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A hybrid structure that combines functional and project-based approaches,
allowing flexibility but potentially leading to confusion over authority.