USABO OPEN EXAM FINAL STUDY GUIDE
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⩥ Interferons. Answer: proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other
cells to aid and regulate the immune response (inhibit viral replication)
⩥ Anti Viral Synthesis in Insects. Answer: 1. Dicer 2 cuts the viral DNA
into fragments
2. Argo binds to an RNA fragment, displacing one side of the strand
3. Argo binds the single strand with a complementary Viral RNA strand.
Then Argo cuts the viral DNA blocking synthesis
⩥ Toll-like Receptor. Answer: mammalian recognition protein similar to
the toll protiens
of insects
⩥ Neutrophils. Answer: A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading
microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against
disease.
⩥ Macrophages. Answer: Found within the lymph nodes, they are
phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter
in the lymphatic stream.
, ⩥ Major events in inflammation. Answer: 1. Mast cells release histamine
and Macrophages discharge cytokines that recruit neutrophils. Histamine
triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate.
2. Capillaries widen and allow neutrophils to enter the tissue
3. Neutrophils digest Pathogens and cell debris
⩥ B cells. Answer: Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create
antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.
⩥ T cells. Answer: Cells created in the thymus that produce substances
that attack infected cells in the body.
⩥ B cell antigen receptor is Y shaped and has what polypeptide chains.
Answer: heavy chain and light chain
⩥ Another name for antibody. Answer: Immunoglovin
⩥ T call antigen receptor has what 2 polypeptide chains. Answer: a chian
and b chain
⩥ All polypeptide chhains are linked by a. Answer: disulfide bridge
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⩥ Interferons. Answer: proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other
cells to aid and regulate the immune response (inhibit viral replication)
⩥ Anti Viral Synthesis in Insects. Answer: 1. Dicer 2 cuts the viral DNA
into fragments
2. Argo binds to an RNA fragment, displacing one side of the strand
3. Argo binds the single strand with a complementary Viral RNA strand.
Then Argo cuts the viral DNA blocking synthesis
⩥ Toll-like Receptor. Answer: mammalian recognition protein similar to
the toll protiens
of insects
⩥ Neutrophils. Answer: A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading
microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against
disease.
⩥ Macrophages. Answer: Found within the lymph nodes, they are
phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter
in the lymphatic stream.
, ⩥ Major events in inflammation. Answer: 1. Mast cells release histamine
and Macrophages discharge cytokines that recruit neutrophils. Histamine
triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate.
2. Capillaries widen and allow neutrophils to enter the tissue
3. Neutrophils digest Pathogens and cell debris
⩥ B cells. Answer: Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create
antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.
⩥ T cells. Answer: Cells created in the thymus that produce substances
that attack infected cells in the body.
⩥ B cell antigen receptor is Y shaped and has what polypeptide chains.
Answer: heavy chain and light chain
⩥ Another name for antibody. Answer: Immunoglovin
⩥ T call antigen receptor has what 2 polypeptide chains. Answer: a chian
and b chain
⩥ All polypeptide chhains are linked by a. Answer: disulfide bridge
