Bio-Statistics – Chapter : 01
What Is Statistics?
Statistics is a group of methods used to collect, analyze, present, and interpret data and to make
decisions.
Biostatistics: Biology related sciences statistics.
Biostatistics is a group of methods used to collect analyze , present and interpret data and to make
decisions.
Data : Raw facts or figures /
Data is a collection of individual statistics , facts or items of information.
Data set : A data set is a group of numbers or information collected about a particular subject.
Example: [ L1S1-50 ; L2S1- 45 ; L3S1-55 ; L4S1- 47 ]
[ L1S1 ] :- Level-1 , Semester-1 ( Students= 50 )
Information: It is a data that is Processed, organized, and meaningful data.
Information > Data
Differences between data & information:
Aspect Data Information
Definition Raw facts or figures / Processed, organized, and
Data is a collection of meaningful data.
individual statistics , facts or
items of information.
Characteristics Unprocessed , unstructured Processed , structured
Meaning No inherent meaning Meaningful and relevant
Context Requires interpretation Interpreted and contextualized
Usage Used as input for generating Used for decision-making,
information understanding, and
communication
Understanding Difficult Relatively easy
Example Temperature readings: 25°C, Weather forecast indicating
30°C, 27°C "The temperature will be 28°C
today, with a chance of rain in
, Weights , dates ,ages , names the afternoon." , time table ,
,addresses, Individual prices , report card , pay slips
distance etc. ,documents etc.
In this example, the temperature readings are raw data. They become information when
processed, analyzed, and presented in a meaningful context, such as a weather forecast.
Types of Statistics
Broadly speaking, applied statistics can be divided into two areas: descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
1st =Collect 2nd = Analyze 3rd = Present ( Graph or Table ) 4th = Decisions ( Campaign )
Descriptive Statistics
Suppose we have information on the test scores of students enrolled in a statistics class. In
statistical terminology, the whole set of numbers that represents the scores of students is called a
data set, the name of each student is called an element, and the score of each student is called an
observation. (These terms are defined in more detail in Section 1.4.)
A data set in its original form is usually very large. Consequently, such a data set is not very
helpful in drawing conclusions or making decisions. It is easier to draw conclusions from
summary tables and diagrams than from the original version of a data set. So, we reduce data to a
manageable size by constructing tables, drawing graphs, or calculating summary measures such
as averages. The portion of statistics that helps us do this type of statistical analysis is called
descriptive statistics.
Definition
Descriptive Statistics consists of methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data by
using tables, graphs, and summary measures.
In statistics, the collection of all elements of interest is called a population. The selection of a
few elements from this population is called a sample.
Definition
Inferential Statistics consists of methods that use sample results to help make decisions or
predictions about a population.
Example: How much Ilish are found in Padma river.
What Is Statistics?
Statistics is a group of methods used to collect, analyze, present, and interpret data and to make
decisions.
Biostatistics: Biology related sciences statistics.
Biostatistics is a group of methods used to collect analyze , present and interpret data and to make
decisions.
Data : Raw facts or figures /
Data is a collection of individual statistics , facts or items of information.
Data set : A data set is a group of numbers or information collected about a particular subject.
Example: [ L1S1-50 ; L2S1- 45 ; L3S1-55 ; L4S1- 47 ]
[ L1S1 ] :- Level-1 , Semester-1 ( Students= 50 )
Information: It is a data that is Processed, organized, and meaningful data.
Information > Data
Differences between data & information:
Aspect Data Information
Definition Raw facts or figures / Processed, organized, and
Data is a collection of meaningful data.
individual statistics , facts or
items of information.
Characteristics Unprocessed , unstructured Processed , structured
Meaning No inherent meaning Meaningful and relevant
Context Requires interpretation Interpreted and contextualized
Usage Used as input for generating Used for decision-making,
information understanding, and
communication
Understanding Difficult Relatively easy
Example Temperature readings: 25°C, Weather forecast indicating
30°C, 27°C "The temperature will be 28°C
today, with a chance of rain in
, Weights , dates ,ages , names the afternoon." , time table ,
,addresses, Individual prices , report card , pay slips
distance etc. ,documents etc.
In this example, the temperature readings are raw data. They become information when
processed, analyzed, and presented in a meaningful context, such as a weather forecast.
Types of Statistics
Broadly speaking, applied statistics can be divided into two areas: descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
1st =Collect 2nd = Analyze 3rd = Present ( Graph or Table ) 4th = Decisions ( Campaign )
Descriptive Statistics
Suppose we have information on the test scores of students enrolled in a statistics class. In
statistical terminology, the whole set of numbers that represents the scores of students is called a
data set, the name of each student is called an element, and the score of each student is called an
observation. (These terms are defined in more detail in Section 1.4.)
A data set in its original form is usually very large. Consequently, such a data set is not very
helpful in drawing conclusions or making decisions. It is easier to draw conclusions from
summary tables and diagrams than from the original version of a data set. So, we reduce data to a
manageable size by constructing tables, drawing graphs, or calculating summary measures such
as averages. The portion of statistics that helps us do this type of statistical analysis is called
descriptive statistics.
Definition
Descriptive Statistics consists of methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data by
using tables, graphs, and summary measures.
In statistics, the collection of all elements of interest is called a population. The selection of a
few elements from this population is called a sample.
Definition
Inferential Statistics consists of methods that use sample results to help make decisions or
predictions about a population.
Example: How much Ilish are found in Padma river.
