California Optometry Jurisprudence Exam Study guide 2026/2027 | Laws & Regulations | State Board Licensure Test | 100% Verified Q&A

California Optometry Jurisprudence Exam Study guide 2026/2027 | Laws & Regulations | State Board Licensure Test | 100% Verified Q&A Q: What is an optometrist? Answer Primary care professionals for the eye Examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as identify related systemic conditions affecting the eye. Most of the eye care, to most people, most of the time Q: What is the scope of practice? Answer Requirements of becoming an optometrist Completed pre-professional undergraduate education in a college it university and four years of professional education at a college of optometry, leading to the OD degree Some complete an optional residency program in a specific area of practice Some complete graduate programs to prepare for careers in education, research or administration Q: What is the scope of practice? Answer Diagnose vision problems, ocular disease, and systemic conditions with ocular manifestations Prescribe medications, low vision rehabilitation, vision therapy, spectacle lenses, contact lenses and perform certain surgical and laser procedures Counsel their patients regarding surgical and non-surgical options that meet their visual needs related to their occupations, avocations and lifestyle Q: Licensure: 1892, legalize the practice of optometry Answer Charles Prentice of New York conceives of a means to legalize the practice of optometry through the enactment of a stature by the state of legislature Q: Licensure: 1898, American Association of Opticians formed Answer American Associate of Opticians formed, in 1919 the name changed to the American Optometric Association (AOA) Q: Licensure: 1901, first state law regulating the practice of optometry Answer Minnesota optometrists secure the passage of the first state law regulating the practice of optometry Q: Licensure: 1919, Ohio state laws Answer Ohio (#34) enacts its optometric practice law 20 years after Minnesota Q: Licensure: 1924, last jurisdiction to enact an optometry law Answer The District of Columbia becomes the last jurisdiction to enact an optometry law Took 23 years to get all of the US to have optometry licenses Q: Licensure: 1995, National Board accepted Answer All states accept National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBEO) test results Universal tests Q: Licensure: 2003, licensure by endorsemnet Answer Ohio can endorse you if you move to certain states Q: Licensure: 2006, new testing format Answer NBEO proposes new testing format which better integrates basic and clinical sciences Q: Licensure: 2009, Board Certification passes Answer AOA House of Delegates passes Board Certification process Q: Academic Foundation: 1914 Ohio State begins Answer Ohio State begins a program in applied optics within its department of physics (Dr. Charles Sheard, director) 2 year program in physics department Q: Academic Foundation: 1922, Academy is formed Answer American Academy of Optometry (AAO) is formed Conference to exchange information Q: Academic Foundation: 1931, OEP begins Answer Optometric Extension Program is formed Q: Academic Foundation: 1937, start of OSU optometry school Answer OSU's program becomes a school of Optometry (Dr. Glenn A. Fry was the director) Bachelors degree in Optometry Q: Academic Foundation: 1941, ASCO is formed Answer Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (ASCO) is formed Optometry schools organization Q: Academic Foundation: 1942, OSU's first optics degree Answer OSU's first degree in Physiological Optics is awarded to Dr. Henry Hofstetter (founding dean at Indiana) Academic Foundation: 1968, OSU becomes a college of optometry Answer OSU's program becomes a College of Optometry; Doctor of Optometry degree is established; (Dr. Fred Hebbard was Dean for 20 years, followed by Deans Richard Hill and John Schoessler) People needed to return to school to receive an OD Academic Foundations: 2004, Dr. Melvin D. Shipp named Dean Answer Dr. Melvin D. Shipp (IU, Harvard, UM grad) named Dean of OSU College of Optometry Academic Foundations: 2014, Karla Zadnik named Dean Answer Karla Zadnik named Dean of Ohio State Optometry Century of education, only 5 Deans Academic Foundation: 2007, OSU optometry open research tower Answer OSU optometry occupies new research tower, substantial curriculum revision Fry Hall expansion, elevator with 7 buttons story Political Achievements: 1961, unsuccessful bill to authorize the use of ophthalmic diagonsitc pharmaceutical agents Answer Pennsylvania optometrists introduced a bill, unsuccessfully, in their state legislature to authorize the use of ophthalmic diagnostic pharmaceutical agents Denied the right for drop usage Political Achievements: 1963, AOA joins APHA Answer AOA becomes an agency member of the American Public Health Association (APHA) Political Achievements: 1965, Medicare and Medicaid are formed Answer US Congress enacts Medicare and Medicaid, optometrists are initially excluded from providing vision care services Political Achievements: 1968, AOSA forms Answer American Optometric Student Association is formed Political Achievements: 1971, Enactment of the first diagnostic pharmaceutical agents law Answer Rhode Island enacts first Diagnostic Pharmaceutical Agent law 10 years between when PA tried and when RI succeeded Dilation Political Achievements: 1976, Enactment of the first therapeutics pharmaceutical agent law Answer West Virginia enacts first Therapeutic Pharmaceutical Agent law Pink eye, glaucoma Political Achievements: 1981, Medicare expansion Answer US Congress expands Medicare to enable optometrists to provide vision care services for aphakic patients only (cataracts) Political Achievements: 1984, Ohio passes DPA Answer Ohio (#36) passes diagnostic pharmaceutical agent legislation Political Achievements: 1986, Medicare expands again Answer Medicare parity legislation, optometrists can now provide services to non-aphakic patients, but not refraction This is still intact to this day Political Achievements: 1988, Laser procedures begin Oklahoma optometrists begin performing anterior segment laser procedures under a Board rule; in 1998 ODs are permitted to perform laser procedures under Oklahoma, Louisiana and Kentucky state law Political Achievements: 1992, Ohio's TPA legislation passes Ohio (#30) passes Therapeutic Pharmaceutical application legislation Oklahoma could use lasers before Ohio could treat glaucoma Political Achievements: 1999, All states permit topical anti-allergy, anti-infectives, and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 45 states permit optometrists to treat glaucoma, 46 state permit topical steroids All states permit topical anti-allergy, anti-infectives, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 45 states permit optometrists to treat glaucoma with topical meds, 46 state permit topical steroids Political Achievements: 2000, Children are required to have a vision exam before entering public school Kentucky became the first state to require children to have a vision examination before entering public school system Political Achievements: 2004, 49 states allow glaucoma treatment, 42 states allow oral medication, 36 states permit Rx of controlled substances, 26 states allow injection of IV drugs 49 states allow optometrists to treat glaucoma (MA does not), 42 states allow optometrists to prescribe oral medication, 36 states permit optometrists to prescribe Rx of controlled substances, 26 states allow optometrists to inject IV drugs Political Achievements: InfantSee program begins InfantSee program established by the AOA Political Achievements: Obamacare allows children's vision and anti-discrimination language Optometry scores some successes in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act including children's vision and anti-discrimination language "Harkin amendment" Without these laws, the patients would have had to see an opthamologist Recent Ohio Political Achievements Bill passes in 2008 to update scope of practice: Disorders of the visual system, not just the eye Removes formulary (list of drugs you can prescribe) Includes controlled substances (Tylenol III) Epipen OK permits diabetic "finger stick" test 25 hours of CE vs 20 previously Epsilon Psi Epsilon (EYE) Alpha chapter founded in 1911 at Columbia University (dissolved in 1924) 1920: Dr. Rees Ellis ('23) established the Beta Chapter at Ohio State (only one still operating), there were 13 members out of the class of 17 in the Applied Optics program 1921: Gamma chapter founded at Rochester School of Optometry, folded in 1933 Reasons for having an optometric professional organizations Networking, expanding the scope of practice, education, spread info, colab, working together, public education American Optometric Association (AOA) Federal organization, political activity There are also State Optometric Associations, Local Optometric Associations and American Optometric Student Association (AOSA) Lobbying, education of government officials Education of optometrist: annual meeting called "Optometry's meeting" Optometric charity Contact Lens and Cornea Section, Sports Vision Section, Vision Rehabilitation Section Biggest of the organizations, only half of the practicing optometrist are involved American Optometric Student Association (AOSA) AOA affiliate Political activity training, advocacy conference "Continuing education" of students, the things you don't get taught in school Career development Job seeking, socializing Leadership training and experience Camaraderie across schools and colleges American Academy of Optometry (AAO) Dissemination of research results Education for optometrists and students Subspecialty recognition (diplomate program) Promotion of professional excellence (FAAO) Today's Research, Tomorrow's Practice American Optometric Foundation (AOF) Local and student chapters 1/10 optometrists become fellows Has its own journal Most scientific, influences how we practice Dedicated to excellence National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBEO) "Protect the public" Maintenance of professional standards Licensing Standardized testing of students to guarantee entry level competence Governing board and staff of optometrists Charlotte, NC 3 parts, 1 (March of 3rd year), 2 (December of 4th year), 3 (in 4th year) Accepted by all states Do not license you, but allow you to become licensed Association of Regulatory Boards in Optometry (ARBO) Organization comprises state boards of optometry Council on Optometric Practitioner Education (COPE) Education of optometrists License renewal Parent organization of all of the state boards Regulation of the profession CE that is accurate Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (ASCO) "Deans club" 23 institutional members 2 associate members (Canada) 5 affiliate members (organizations) Overseas areas of common ground between optometric education OptomCAS, Workforce study (with AOA, make sure there are enough jobs), Applicant pool, Interprofessional education Accreditation Council on Optometric Education (ACOE) The "ultimate boss" Co-located with AOA in St. Louis Responsible for reviewing and accrediting OD and residency programs Protects the students from the schools Vigorous certification for new schools Students report 2 years after graduation to let the organization know what is happening to graduates Schools get examined every 5? years National Optometric Association (NOA) National Optometric Student Association (NOSA) Recruitment of minority students for the schools and colleges of optometry Minority student placement as ODs Delivery of effective and efficient eye and vision care services to the minority community Volunteer Optometric Services to Humanity (VOSH) Student Volunteer Optometric Services to Humanity (SVOSH) To facilitate the provision and the sustainability of vision care worldwide for people who can neither afford nor obtain such care Partners with like organizations (Optometry Giving Sight, World Sight Day) Longest established club of its kind Non-optometric organizations with significant optometric involvement Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Lions Club: Knights of Sight Alumni Groups Undergraduate institution Optometric "parent" institution School/college of optometry Ethical = Moral A question in which someone's well-being or rights or duties are at issue or at stake Morality tells us what the laws ought to be Expert Anyone who reflects carefully on his or her own experience Willing to think about it Human Experience Your own + that gained from discussions with others Four Components of the Moral Life 1. Awareness or sensitivity to what is at stake 2. Reasoning and other reflective skills 3. Motivation/conviction 4. Implementation Ethical decision making Summarize the ethical dilemma Identify the alternatives Determine what is at stake by reason of our social roles Determine what else is at stake (everyone involved) Determine what else ought to be done, all things considered Choosing and implementing a course of action Steroids for ocular allergies Consult if worse @ 3 weeks Steroids s/p sx Always co-manage s/p sx Steroids for iritis Consult: if worse @ 72 hrs Consult: if not resolved @ 21 days Refer: if still on meds @ 6 weeks Refer: if recurred 1 yr Steroids for Episcleritis Consult: if worse @ 72 hours Consult: if not resolved @ 3 hrs Refer: if still on meds @ 6 weeks Refer: if recurred 1yr Steroids for traumatic iritis Consult: if worse @ 72 hrs Refer: if still on meds @ 1wk Steroids for inflammatory keratitis Consult: if worse @ 72 hours Refer: if recurs 1 yr **NOT for Moorens or Terriens Marginal degen Antihistamines PO no restrictions NSAIDS PO no restrictions Antibiotics for central corneal ulcer REFER: if not improved at 48hours Refer or consult for central corneal ulcer than has not improved in 48 hours after initiating antibiotics REFER to OMD @ 48hrs of no improvements ANTIBIOTICS (PO) for preseptal cellulitis REFER at 48 hrs if not improved Refer or consult for preseptal cellulitis than has not improved in 48 hours after initiating antibiotics REFER @ 48 hours if no improvement noted What are the limitations with antibiotics? - You may treat with any topical or oral medication. - Infections of the anterior segment and adnexa including AIDS related infections -EXCLUDING the lacrimal gland (no probing), lacrimal drainage system -EXCLUDING the sclera in children 12yo *** REFER @ 48 hours if NO IMPROVEMENT Treatment for dacryocystitis - can only treat in 12yrs - REFER after 48hours if not improved Define central corneal ulcer within the central 5mm Antivirals for viral keratitis If NOT IMPROVED @ 7 days = REFER If not RESOLVED @ 3 weeks = REFER Viral conjunctivitis management If worse @ 7 days = CONSULT If not resolved in 3 weeks = REFER Compounds with hydrocodone/codiene REFER after 3 days limited completely to 72 hours Refer if pain still persists @ 3 days *OD must have a DEA number, and must register with California Department of Justice *Schedule II drugs must be on a temper-proof Rx form Using a revoked/suspended/fradulently altered license misdemenor fictitious license misdemeanor Lends license to person not licensed misdemeanor Displays or represents any license not issued to him/her as being his/hers misdemeaor Fails or refuses to surrender a license which has been suspended, revoked or cancelled. misdemeanor knowingly permits an unlawful use of a license issued to him or her misdemeanor Photographs, duplicates, manufactures, or in any way reproduces any license or facsimile thereof in a manner that it could be mistaken for a valid license, misdemeanor Buys or receives a fraudulent, forged, or counterfeited license knowing that it is fraudulent, forged, or counterfeited. misdemeanor allows his or her license to be used by another person misdemeanor engaging in any conduct which subverts or attempts to subvert any licensing examination - Violating the security of the exam materials - removing the exam from the room - talking to any other person during the xam misdemeanor Directly or indirectly accepting employment to practice optometry from any person not having a valid, unrevoked license as an optometrist or from any company or corporation constitutes unprofessional conduct gross negligence Conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care. What happens with unprofessional conduct the board may take action against and person charged with unprofessional conduct... and may deny license gross negligence is... unprofessional conduct and defined as Conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care. Repeated negligent acts or omissions (2 or more) Unprofessional conduct DEF: Breach of standard of care that may cause harm or injury to patient. (Std of care is breached when practitioner fails to possess or exercise the degree of learning, skill, knowledge, and care in Dx/Tx of a pt that would be expected of a practitioner in good standing in the same or similar locality and under similar circumstances, and that failure causes injury to the patient) Incompetence Unprofessional conduct lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications Denial of licensure, revocation, suspension, restriction, or any other disciplinary action against a health care professional license by another state or territory of the United States unprofessional conduct Conviction of a felony or of any offense substantially related to the qualifications, functions, and duties of unprofessional conduct The commission of fraud, misrepresentation, or any act involving dishonesty or corruption, that is substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of an optometrist. unprofessional conduct register as a sex offender pursuant to Chapter 5.5 unprofessional conduct Repeated acts of excessive prescribing or administering of drugs or treatment unprofessional conduct repeated acts of excessive use of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures unprofessional conduct Prescribing, furnishing, administering controlled substance, drugs or treatment without good faith prior exam or optometric reason unprofessional conduct Performing, holding to be capable to perform, or offering to perform services outside scope of OD unprofessional conduct Failure to maintain adequate/accurate records (may be professional inefficiency also) unprofessional conduct and professional ineffecency Failure to refer patient to appropriate physician if exam indicates substantial likelihood of pathology requiring attention by physician unprofessional conduct If writing an Rx and do not follow Rx expiration laws unprofessional conduct When asked to inspect records... 5 days when asked for copies of records copies or summary of record in lieu of access to entire record within 10-30 days are you allowed to withhold records if bill isn't paid cannot withhold release of records because of unpaid bills, but you can withhold Rx are copies/records permitted of drug/alcohol/ communicable disease records no Sale, procurement, or use of a professional degree not legally obtained is unlawful. felony false statement and impersonation during law exam felony For employing "cappers" or "steerers" to obtain business-that is individuals who "steer" patients into a practice. unprofessional conduct extreme departure from the ordinary standard of conduct, as an entire failure to exercise care, to justify the belief that there was an indifference to the interest and welfare of others, which raises a presumption of conscious indifference to consequences gross negligence Fails or refuses to surrender a license which has been suspended, revoked or cancelled. misdemeanor sell equipment, supplies or services greater than $100 to unlicensed person when these are to be used in violation of the code. misdemeanor false advertising misdemeanor