HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Exam
2025/2026 /VOCABULARY
Question 1: Tissue Types
• Question: Which tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
• Answer: Epithelial tissue.
• Key points:
o Epithelial tissue covers all body surfaces and lines body cavities and hollow organs.
o It is the major tissue in glands.
o Functions include protection , absorption , secretion , and filtration .
Question 2: Basic Unit of Life
• Question: What is the basic unit of life?
• Answer: Cell.
• Explanation:
o Cells make up all living organisms.
o Cells function independently and perform all necessary life activities.
[01:18]
Question 3: Connective Tissue Matrix Composition
• Question: What is the matrix of connective tissue primarily made of?
• Answer: Fibrous proteins and ground substance.
• Details:
o Fibrous proteins include collagen and elastin .
o The ground substance can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified.
o The matrix supports cells, binds them, and facilitates substance exchange between
blood and cells.
[02:00]
Question 4: Crossing Over in Meiosis
• Question: During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
• Answer: Prophase 1.
• Significance:
o Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic segments.
o This process increases genetic variability in offspring.
Question 5: Voluntary Muscle Tissue
• Question: Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
• Answer: Skeletal muscle.
• Characteristics:
o Attached to bones by tendons.
o Responsible for movement and posture.
,[02:41]
Question 6: Chromosome Alignment in Mitosis
• Question: In which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
• Answer: Metaphase.
• Purpose:
o Ensures each daughter cell receives an identical chromosome set during division.
Question 7: Significance of Reduction Division in Meiosis
• Question: What is the significance of the reduction division in meiosis?
• Answer: It reduces chromosome number by half in gametes.
• Importance:
o Maintains species chromosome number during sexual reproduction by moving from
diploid to haploid.
[04:11]
Question 8: Definition of Histology
• Question: What is histology the study of?
• Answer: Tissues and their structures.
• Scope:
o Examines microscopic structure of tissues.
o Uses microscopy to understand tissue organization and function.
Question 9: Genetic Variation in Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• Question: Key difference regarding genetic variation?
• Answer: Mitosis produces genetically identical cells; meiosis promotes genetic diversity.
• Explanation:
o Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells maintaining chromosome number.
o Meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells due to crossing ov er and
independent assortment.
[06:07]
Question 10: Muscle Tissue in the Heart
• Question: Which muscle tissue is found in the heart?
• Answer: Cardiac muscle.
• Features:
o Specialized for pumping blood.
o Exhibits automaticity and coordinated contraction.
Question 11: Primary Cells of Nervous Tissue
• Question: Neurons belong to which tissue type?
• Answer: Nervous tissue.
• Function:
o Transmit nerve impulses to/from brain, spinal cord, and body parts.
o Facilitate body communication.
, [07:36]
Question 12: Number of Daughter Cells from Meiosis
• Question: How many daughter cells are produced at meiosis end?
• Answer: Four.
• Significance:
o Each daughter cell has half the chromosome number of the original.
o Essential for sexual reproduction chromosome balance.
Question 13: Adipocytes
• Question: What are adipocytes commonly known as?
• Answer: Fat cells.
• Role:
o Store energy as fat.
o Important in energy metabolism, insulation, and cushioning.
[08:56]
Question 14: Main Function of Connective Tissue
• Question: What is connective tissue’s primary function?
• Answer: To support, bind together, and protect organs.
• Details:
o Cells scattered in extracellular matrix.
o Provides structural and metabolic support.
Question 15: Main Function of Respiratory System
• Question: What is the respiratory system’s primary function?
• Answer: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Process:
o Exchanges gases between body and environment during breathing.
[09:36]
Question 16: Blood Transport System
• Question: Which system transports blood throughout the body?
• Answer: Circulatory system.
• Functions:
o Moves blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones.
o Supports nourishment, disease defense, temperature and pH stability, and
homeostasis.
Question 17: Definition of Homeostasis
• Question: What is homeostasis?
• Answer: Maintenance of a constant internal environment.
• Includes:
2025/2026 /VOCABULARY
Question 1: Tissue Types
• Question: Which tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
• Answer: Epithelial tissue.
• Key points:
o Epithelial tissue covers all body surfaces and lines body cavities and hollow organs.
o It is the major tissue in glands.
o Functions include protection , absorption , secretion , and filtration .
Question 2: Basic Unit of Life
• Question: What is the basic unit of life?
• Answer: Cell.
• Explanation:
o Cells make up all living organisms.
o Cells function independently and perform all necessary life activities.
[01:18]
Question 3: Connective Tissue Matrix Composition
• Question: What is the matrix of connective tissue primarily made of?
• Answer: Fibrous proteins and ground substance.
• Details:
o Fibrous proteins include collagen and elastin .
o The ground substance can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified.
o The matrix supports cells, binds them, and facilitates substance exchange between
blood and cells.
[02:00]
Question 4: Crossing Over in Meiosis
• Question: During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
• Answer: Prophase 1.
• Significance:
o Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic segments.
o This process increases genetic variability in offspring.
Question 5: Voluntary Muscle Tissue
• Question: Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
• Answer: Skeletal muscle.
• Characteristics:
o Attached to bones by tendons.
o Responsible for movement and posture.
,[02:41]
Question 6: Chromosome Alignment in Mitosis
• Question: In which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
• Answer: Metaphase.
• Purpose:
o Ensures each daughter cell receives an identical chromosome set during division.
Question 7: Significance of Reduction Division in Meiosis
• Question: What is the significance of the reduction division in meiosis?
• Answer: It reduces chromosome number by half in gametes.
• Importance:
o Maintains species chromosome number during sexual reproduction by moving from
diploid to haploid.
[04:11]
Question 8: Definition of Histology
• Question: What is histology the study of?
• Answer: Tissues and their structures.
• Scope:
o Examines microscopic structure of tissues.
o Uses microscopy to understand tissue organization and function.
Question 9: Genetic Variation in Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• Question: Key difference regarding genetic variation?
• Answer: Mitosis produces genetically identical cells; meiosis promotes genetic diversity.
• Explanation:
o Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells maintaining chromosome number.
o Meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells due to crossing ov er and
independent assortment.
[06:07]
Question 10: Muscle Tissue in the Heart
• Question: Which muscle tissue is found in the heart?
• Answer: Cardiac muscle.
• Features:
o Specialized for pumping blood.
o Exhibits automaticity and coordinated contraction.
Question 11: Primary Cells of Nervous Tissue
• Question: Neurons belong to which tissue type?
• Answer: Nervous tissue.
• Function:
o Transmit nerve impulses to/from brain, spinal cord, and body parts.
o Facilitate body communication.
, [07:36]
Question 12: Number of Daughter Cells from Meiosis
• Question: How many daughter cells are produced at meiosis end?
• Answer: Four.
• Significance:
o Each daughter cell has half the chromosome number of the original.
o Essential for sexual reproduction chromosome balance.
Question 13: Adipocytes
• Question: What are adipocytes commonly known as?
• Answer: Fat cells.
• Role:
o Store energy as fat.
o Important in energy metabolism, insulation, and cushioning.
[08:56]
Question 14: Main Function of Connective Tissue
• Question: What is connective tissue’s primary function?
• Answer: To support, bind together, and protect organs.
• Details:
o Cells scattered in extracellular matrix.
o Provides structural and metabolic support.
Question 15: Main Function of Respiratory System
• Question: What is the respiratory system’s primary function?
• Answer: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Process:
o Exchanges gases between body and environment during breathing.
[09:36]
Question 16: Blood Transport System
• Question: Which system transports blood throughout the body?
• Answer: Circulatory system.
• Functions:
o Moves blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones.
o Supports nourishment, disease defense, temperature and pH stability, and
homeostasis.
Question 17: Definition of Homeostasis
• Question: What is homeostasis?
• Answer: Maintenance of a constant internal environment.
• Includes:
