PATHO 370 TEST 4 WEST COAST UNIVERSITY
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal
failure?
a. polyuria with urine a fixed, low specific gravity
b. hypotension and increased urine output
c. development of decompensated acidosis
d. very low GFR and increased serum urea Answer: d
◉ What is a cause of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?
a. prolonged circulatory shock
b. sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins
c. crush injuries or burns
d. all of the above Answer: d
◉ Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure?
a. cystitis with pyelonephritis in the right kidney
b. circulatory shock
,c. persistent bilateral glomerulonephritis
d. obstruction of a ureter by a renal calculus Answer: c
◉ What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?
a. loss of tubule function
b. increased blood pressure
c. decreased aldosterone secretion
d. increased GFR Answer: a
◉ What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during
end-stage renal failure or uremia?
a. decreased parathyroid hormone secretion
b. insufficient calcium in the diet
c. excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine
d. a deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia Answer: d
◉ Cystitis is more common in females due to:
a. the mucosa in the urinary tract is continuous
b. the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident
flora
c. the pH of urine is more acidic in females
,d. females have a higher incidence of congenital anomalies Answer:
b
◉ hich of the following indicate a decreased GFR?
a. increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate
b. urine with low specific gravity and dark color
c. albuminuria and hematuria
d. hyponatremia and hypokalemia Answer: a
◉ Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?
a. renal calculi
b. pyelonephritis
c. nephrosclerosis
d. benign prostatic hypertrophy Answer: c
◉ Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of
cystitis in young children?
a. polycystic kidney
b. horseshoe kidney
c. hypoplasia of the kidney
d. vesicoureteral reflux Answer: d
, ◉ Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with
chronic renal failure?
a. increased erythropoietin secretion
b. limited protein intake
c. compensatory increase in bone marrow activity
d. inability to absorb Vitamin B12 and iron Answer: b
◉ When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure, a key
indicator is:
a. increased PCO2
b. increased bicarbonate ion
c. serum pH dropping below 7.35
d. serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ion to 1 carbonic acid
Answer: c
◉ What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?
a. decreased reabsorption of sodium and water
b. decreased reabsorption of H+ in the tubules
c. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
d. inhibition of renin Answer: a
◉ Which of the following causes acute renal failure?
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal
failure?
a. polyuria with urine a fixed, low specific gravity
b. hypotension and increased urine output
c. development of decompensated acidosis
d. very low GFR and increased serum urea Answer: d
◉ What is a cause of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?
a. prolonged circulatory shock
b. sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins
c. crush injuries or burns
d. all of the above Answer: d
◉ Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure?
a. cystitis with pyelonephritis in the right kidney
b. circulatory shock
,c. persistent bilateral glomerulonephritis
d. obstruction of a ureter by a renal calculus Answer: c
◉ What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?
a. loss of tubule function
b. increased blood pressure
c. decreased aldosterone secretion
d. increased GFR Answer: a
◉ What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during
end-stage renal failure or uremia?
a. decreased parathyroid hormone secretion
b. insufficient calcium in the diet
c. excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine
d. a deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia Answer: d
◉ Cystitis is more common in females due to:
a. the mucosa in the urinary tract is continuous
b. the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident
flora
c. the pH of urine is more acidic in females
,d. females have a higher incidence of congenital anomalies Answer:
b
◉ hich of the following indicate a decreased GFR?
a. increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate
b. urine with low specific gravity and dark color
c. albuminuria and hematuria
d. hyponatremia and hypokalemia Answer: a
◉ Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?
a. renal calculi
b. pyelonephritis
c. nephrosclerosis
d. benign prostatic hypertrophy Answer: c
◉ Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of
cystitis in young children?
a. polycystic kidney
b. horseshoe kidney
c. hypoplasia of the kidney
d. vesicoureteral reflux Answer: d
, ◉ Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with
chronic renal failure?
a. increased erythropoietin secretion
b. limited protein intake
c. compensatory increase in bone marrow activity
d. inability to absorb Vitamin B12 and iron Answer: b
◉ When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure, a key
indicator is:
a. increased PCO2
b. increased bicarbonate ion
c. serum pH dropping below 7.35
d. serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ion to 1 carbonic acid
Answer: c
◉ What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?
a. decreased reabsorption of sodium and water
b. decreased reabsorption of H+ in the tubules
c. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
d. inhibition of renin Answer: a
◉ Which of the following causes acute renal failure?
