Revision AS psychology
• Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):
Aim:
1. to see if the dream recall differs between REM and nREM.
2. If there is a positive correlation between the subjective estimate of dream
duration and the length of REM period before waking.
3. Are eye-movement pattern related to dream content.
Laboratory experiment, 9 participants (7 males & 2 female), 5 participants were
studied in detailed where the rest were used to confirm the result.
For 1), repeated measure design, IV: whether the participant was woken up from
REM or n-REM sleep, DV: whether they recalled a dream or not.
Results: 79.6% (152/191) dreams were recalled from REM stage where only 6.9%
(11/160) of dream were recalled from n-REM therefore, participants were more
likely to report a dream when woken up from REM than n-REM.
For 2), the relation was a correlation for the relationship between the estimation
of dream duration and the length or REM, repeated measure design was used.
Result: 88% accuracy in estimating that they were woken up after 5 minutes &
78% accuracy in estimating that they were woken up after 15 minutes, a positive
correlation was found
For 3) Self report was compared to eye movement observed.
Result: eye-movement is related to the content of dream.
• Hassett et al. (toy preferences)
Aim: to investigate whether the toy preference in monkey is same as those in
children to check for a biological explanation for sex differences in toy choices.
, Field experiment, independent measure design, IV: the gender of the monkey, DV:
activities with the toys and a correlational between the monkey’s rank with the
social hierarchy and the frequency or duration of activity with each toy
Sample: 21 males & 61 female rhesus monkeys, housing 25x25, temperature
controlled indoor environment.
Result: males monkey preferred wheeled toys over plush toys, female did not
show a preference for plush toys over wheeled toys
Percentage of individual preferring each toy
Male Female
Wheeled toys 73 39
Plush toy 9 30
No preference 18 30
• Holzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans):
Aim: to identify changes in particular areas of brain and the whole brain, by
comparing grey matter concentration before and after a mindfulness course.
Laboratory experiment with longitudinal design, independent measure design, 16
sample size; 6 males and 10 female in experimental group, 7 males and 10 female
in control group.
Results: the changes in mindfulness score in MBSR course was significantly greater
than the control group. In the test of grey matter concentration in the left
hippocampus, no significant difference was detected between the MBSR & the
control group.
• Andrade (doodling)
Aim: to investigate whether the doodling aided the information processing or it
could enhance memory,
Laboratory experiment, independent measure design, n= 20 (2 males & 18
females) in control group & n=20 (3 males & 17 females) in doodling group.
• Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):
Aim:
1. to see if the dream recall differs between REM and nREM.
2. If there is a positive correlation between the subjective estimate of dream
duration and the length of REM period before waking.
3. Are eye-movement pattern related to dream content.
Laboratory experiment, 9 participants (7 males & 2 female), 5 participants were
studied in detailed where the rest were used to confirm the result.
For 1), repeated measure design, IV: whether the participant was woken up from
REM or n-REM sleep, DV: whether they recalled a dream or not.
Results: 79.6% (152/191) dreams were recalled from REM stage where only 6.9%
(11/160) of dream were recalled from n-REM therefore, participants were more
likely to report a dream when woken up from REM than n-REM.
For 2), the relation was a correlation for the relationship between the estimation
of dream duration and the length or REM, repeated measure design was used.
Result: 88% accuracy in estimating that they were woken up after 5 minutes &
78% accuracy in estimating that they were woken up after 15 minutes, a positive
correlation was found
For 3) Self report was compared to eye movement observed.
Result: eye-movement is related to the content of dream.
• Hassett et al. (toy preferences)
Aim: to investigate whether the toy preference in monkey is same as those in
children to check for a biological explanation for sex differences in toy choices.
, Field experiment, independent measure design, IV: the gender of the monkey, DV:
activities with the toys and a correlational between the monkey’s rank with the
social hierarchy and the frequency or duration of activity with each toy
Sample: 21 males & 61 female rhesus monkeys, housing 25x25, temperature
controlled indoor environment.
Result: males monkey preferred wheeled toys over plush toys, female did not
show a preference for plush toys over wheeled toys
Percentage of individual preferring each toy
Male Female
Wheeled toys 73 39
Plush toy 9 30
No preference 18 30
• Holzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans):
Aim: to identify changes in particular areas of brain and the whole brain, by
comparing grey matter concentration before and after a mindfulness course.
Laboratory experiment with longitudinal design, independent measure design, 16
sample size; 6 males and 10 female in experimental group, 7 males and 10 female
in control group.
Results: the changes in mindfulness score in MBSR course was significantly greater
than the control group. In the test of grey matter concentration in the left
hippocampus, no significant difference was detected between the MBSR & the
control group.
• Andrade (doodling)
Aim: to investigate whether the doodling aided the information processing or it
could enhance memory,
Laboratory experiment, independent measure design, n= 20 (2 males & 18
females) in control group & n=20 (3 males & 17 females) in doodling group.
