LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY ANA-PHY
FIRST SEMESTER | 2025-2026 | V. TUMULAK
– 📍 (CELLULAR LEVEL) MOLECULES - Molecules combine
OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY to form cells, the basic structural and functional units
of an organism. Just as words are the smallest
● Anatomy - The study of structure, shape of the body, elements of language that make sense, cells are the
and body parts. smallest living units in the human body.
➢ Greek ( Ana = apart); (Tomy= to cut)
📍 (TISSUE LEVEL) TISSUE - groups of cells and the
● Physiology- Study of function materials surrounding them that work together to
➢ ( Physio - nature); (Logy = study) perform a particular function, similar to the way words
are put together to form sentences.
➔ Gross Anatomy ( Macroscopic Anatomy) - Structures
that can be examined without using a microscope. 📍 (ORGAN LEVEL) ORGANS - structures that are
➢ Large, visible structure composed of two or more different types of tissues;
they have specific functions and usually have
recognizable shapes.
SUBSPECIALITIES OF ANATOMY
📍 (SYSTEM LEVEL) SYSTEM - consists of related organs
📍 Surface Anatomy - Exterior Features with a common function.
📍 Regional Anatomy - Body Areas 📍
📍 Systematic Anatomy - Organ Systems (ORGANISM LEVEL) ORGANISM - any living
📍 Developmental Anatomy - From conception to death individual, all the parts of the human body functioning
📍 Clinical Anatomy - Medical Specialities together constitute the total organism.
📍 Microscopic Anatomy - structure of tissues and cells
using microscopes
📍 Cytology - Study of cells
- Function, structure, pathology
📍 Histology - Microscopic structure of tissues
📍 Pathological anatomy - Structural changes associated
with disease.
📍 Radiographic Anatomy - Body structures that can be
visualized with x-rays.
SUBSPECIALITIES OF PHYSIOLOGY
THE BODY SYSTEMS
📌 Cell Physiology - process between the cells ➔ Integumentary
📌 Organ Physiology - functions of specific organ ○ Skin and structures
📌 Cardiovascular Physiology -Functions of heart and ○ Protects the body; Eliminates some waste
➔ Skeletal
blood vessels
📌 Neurophysiology-Functional properties of nerve cells ○ Bones and joints of the body
📌 Endocrinology- Hormones; how they control body ○ Provides a surface area for muscle attachments
➔ Muscular
functions
📌 Neurophysiology-Functional properties of nervous ○ Muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue
○ Produces body movements
cells
📌 Immunology- How the body defends itself against ➔ Nervous
○ Brain, spinal cord,nerves, and special sense
disease-causing agents
📌 Respiratory Physiology- Functions of the air organs,such as the eyes and ears.
○ Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to
passageways and lungs
📌 Renal Physiology- Functions of the kidneys regulate body activities.
📌 Exercise Physiology- Changes in cell and organ ➔ Endocrine
○ Hormone producing glands
functions
📌 Pathophysiology - Functional changes associated with ○ Regulates body activities by releasing
hormones.
disease and aging.
➔ Cardiovascular
○ Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
○ Circulatory system
📍 (CHEMICAL LEVEL) ATOM
➔ Digestive
- the smallest units of ○ Organs of gastrointestinal tract.
matter that participate in chemical reactions, and ○ Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of
molecules, two or more atoms joined together. Certain food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid
atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), wastes.
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur ➔ Urinary
(S), are essential for maintaining life. Two familiar ○ Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
molecules found in the body are deoxyribonucleic acid ○ Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; helps
(DNA), the genetic material passed from one maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids;
generation to the next, and glucose, commonly known maintains the body's mineral balance; helps
as blood sugar. regulate production of red blood cells.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LESSON #1: THE HUMAN BODY 1
, LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY ANA-PHY
FIRST SEMESTER | 2025-2026 | V. TUMULAK
➔ Lymphatic
○ Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels. FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
○ It drains extra fluid (called lymph) that has
passed out of the blood and into tissues and
➔ A cycle of events in which the status of a body
returns it back to the blood.
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, monitored,
➔ Respiratory
re-evaluated, and so on.
○ Lungs and air passageways
○ Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood
1. Receptors - a body structure that monitors changes in
and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air.
a controlled condition and sends input to a control
○ Vital for cellular respiration, allowing cells to
center.
function and produce energy.
★ The input is in the form of nerve impulses or
➔ Reproductive
chemical signals.
○ A biological system responsible for producing
★ certain nerve endings in the skin sense
offspring.
temperature and can detect changes, such as
○ It consists of male and female reproductive a dramatic drop in temperature.
organs that work together to enable
fertilization and development of an embryo. 2. Control Center - receives the input and provides the
➔ Immune output. Ex. The brain sets the range of values within
○ A complex network of cells, tissues, and which a controlled condition should be maintained,
organs that defends the body against evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and
infections and other diseases generates output commands when they are needed.
★ Output- from the control center typically
occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or
BASIC LIFE PROCESS other chemical signals.
3. Effector - body structure that receives output from the
1. Metabolism - sum of all the chemical processes that
control center and produces a response or effect that
occur in the body
📌 Catabolism (split) - breakdown of complex
changes the controlled condition.
chemical substances into smaller components.
📌 Anabolism (build up) - the building up of
★ When your body temperature drops sharply,
your brain (control center) sends nerve
complex chemical substances from smaller,
impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles
simpler components.
(effectors). The result is shivering, which
generates heat and raises your body
2. Responsiveness - Body’s ability to detect and respond
temperature.
to changes. Different cells in the body respond to
environmental changes in characteristic ways.
📌 Nerve cells respond by generating electrical
signals known as nerve impulses (action
potentials).
3. Movement - motion of the whole body, individual
organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside
cells.
📌 After you eat a meal that contains fats, your
gallbladder contracts and squirts bile into the
gastrointestinal tract to aid in the digestion of
fats.
📌 When a body tissue is damaged or infected,
certain white blood cells move from the blood
into the affected tissue to help clean up and
repair the area.
4. Growth - increase in body size that results from an
increase in the size of existing cells.
5. Differentiation - is the development of a cell from an
unspecialized to a specialized state.
6. Reproduction - formation of new cells for tissue
growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of
a new individual. FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
📌 Assimilation- Absorption/ Digestion ➢ A negative feedback system is a control mechanism
the body uses to maintain balance (homeostasis)
HOMEOSTASIS
(homeo = sameness; stasis = standing still) It reverses a change in a controlled condition to bring the body
back to normal.
➢ Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal
environment due to the constant interaction of the
body’s many regulatory processes.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LESSON #1: THE HUMAN BODY 2
FIRST SEMESTER | 2025-2026 | V. TUMULAK
– 📍 (CELLULAR LEVEL) MOLECULES - Molecules combine
OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY to form cells, the basic structural and functional units
of an organism. Just as words are the smallest
● Anatomy - The study of structure, shape of the body, elements of language that make sense, cells are the
and body parts. smallest living units in the human body.
➢ Greek ( Ana = apart); (Tomy= to cut)
📍 (TISSUE LEVEL) TISSUE - groups of cells and the
● Physiology- Study of function materials surrounding them that work together to
➢ ( Physio - nature); (Logy = study) perform a particular function, similar to the way words
are put together to form sentences.
➔ Gross Anatomy ( Macroscopic Anatomy) - Structures
that can be examined without using a microscope. 📍 (ORGAN LEVEL) ORGANS - structures that are
➢ Large, visible structure composed of two or more different types of tissues;
they have specific functions and usually have
recognizable shapes.
SUBSPECIALITIES OF ANATOMY
📍 (SYSTEM LEVEL) SYSTEM - consists of related organs
📍 Surface Anatomy - Exterior Features with a common function.
📍 Regional Anatomy - Body Areas 📍
📍 Systematic Anatomy - Organ Systems (ORGANISM LEVEL) ORGANISM - any living
📍 Developmental Anatomy - From conception to death individual, all the parts of the human body functioning
📍 Clinical Anatomy - Medical Specialities together constitute the total organism.
📍 Microscopic Anatomy - structure of tissues and cells
using microscopes
📍 Cytology - Study of cells
- Function, structure, pathology
📍 Histology - Microscopic structure of tissues
📍 Pathological anatomy - Structural changes associated
with disease.
📍 Radiographic Anatomy - Body structures that can be
visualized with x-rays.
SUBSPECIALITIES OF PHYSIOLOGY
THE BODY SYSTEMS
📌 Cell Physiology - process between the cells ➔ Integumentary
📌 Organ Physiology - functions of specific organ ○ Skin and structures
📌 Cardiovascular Physiology -Functions of heart and ○ Protects the body; Eliminates some waste
➔ Skeletal
blood vessels
📌 Neurophysiology-Functional properties of nerve cells ○ Bones and joints of the body
📌 Endocrinology- Hormones; how they control body ○ Provides a surface area for muscle attachments
➔ Muscular
functions
📌 Neurophysiology-Functional properties of nervous ○ Muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue
○ Produces body movements
cells
📌 Immunology- How the body defends itself against ➔ Nervous
○ Brain, spinal cord,nerves, and special sense
disease-causing agents
📌 Respiratory Physiology- Functions of the air organs,such as the eyes and ears.
○ Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to
passageways and lungs
📌 Renal Physiology- Functions of the kidneys regulate body activities.
📌 Exercise Physiology- Changes in cell and organ ➔ Endocrine
○ Hormone producing glands
functions
📌 Pathophysiology - Functional changes associated with ○ Regulates body activities by releasing
hormones.
disease and aging.
➔ Cardiovascular
○ Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
○ Circulatory system
📍 (CHEMICAL LEVEL) ATOM
➔ Digestive
- the smallest units of ○ Organs of gastrointestinal tract.
matter that participate in chemical reactions, and ○ Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of
molecules, two or more atoms joined together. Certain food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid
atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), wastes.
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur ➔ Urinary
(S), are essential for maintaining life. Two familiar ○ Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
molecules found in the body are deoxyribonucleic acid ○ Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; helps
(DNA), the genetic material passed from one maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids;
generation to the next, and glucose, commonly known maintains the body's mineral balance; helps
as blood sugar. regulate production of red blood cells.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LESSON #1: THE HUMAN BODY 1
, LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY ANA-PHY
FIRST SEMESTER | 2025-2026 | V. TUMULAK
➔ Lymphatic
○ Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels. FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
○ It drains extra fluid (called lymph) that has
passed out of the blood and into tissues and
➔ A cycle of events in which the status of a body
returns it back to the blood.
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, monitored,
➔ Respiratory
re-evaluated, and so on.
○ Lungs and air passageways
○ Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood
1. Receptors - a body structure that monitors changes in
and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air.
a controlled condition and sends input to a control
○ Vital for cellular respiration, allowing cells to
center.
function and produce energy.
★ The input is in the form of nerve impulses or
➔ Reproductive
chemical signals.
○ A biological system responsible for producing
★ certain nerve endings in the skin sense
offspring.
temperature and can detect changes, such as
○ It consists of male and female reproductive a dramatic drop in temperature.
organs that work together to enable
fertilization and development of an embryo. 2. Control Center - receives the input and provides the
➔ Immune output. Ex. The brain sets the range of values within
○ A complex network of cells, tissues, and which a controlled condition should be maintained,
organs that defends the body against evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and
infections and other diseases generates output commands when they are needed.
★ Output- from the control center typically
occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or
BASIC LIFE PROCESS other chemical signals.
3. Effector - body structure that receives output from the
1. Metabolism - sum of all the chemical processes that
control center and produces a response or effect that
occur in the body
📌 Catabolism (split) - breakdown of complex
changes the controlled condition.
chemical substances into smaller components.
📌 Anabolism (build up) - the building up of
★ When your body temperature drops sharply,
your brain (control center) sends nerve
complex chemical substances from smaller,
impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles
simpler components.
(effectors). The result is shivering, which
generates heat and raises your body
2. Responsiveness - Body’s ability to detect and respond
temperature.
to changes. Different cells in the body respond to
environmental changes in characteristic ways.
📌 Nerve cells respond by generating electrical
signals known as nerve impulses (action
potentials).
3. Movement - motion of the whole body, individual
organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside
cells.
📌 After you eat a meal that contains fats, your
gallbladder contracts and squirts bile into the
gastrointestinal tract to aid in the digestion of
fats.
📌 When a body tissue is damaged or infected,
certain white blood cells move from the blood
into the affected tissue to help clean up and
repair the area.
4. Growth - increase in body size that results from an
increase in the size of existing cells.
5. Differentiation - is the development of a cell from an
unspecialized to a specialized state.
6. Reproduction - formation of new cells for tissue
growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of
a new individual. FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
📌 Assimilation- Absorption/ Digestion ➢ A negative feedback system is a control mechanism
the body uses to maintain balance (homeostasis)
HOMEOSTASIS
(homeo = sameness; stasis = standing still) It reverses a change in a controlled condition to bring the body
back to normal.
➢ Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal
environment due to the constant interaction of the
body’s many regulatory processes.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LESSON #1: THE HUMAN BODY 2
