NURS 617 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 –
Questions With Applicable Solutions
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Terms in this set (166)
Hyperplasia Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
resulting from an increased rate of cellular division.
Occurs in response to an injury with a production of
growth factors or stem cells.
Compensatory Hyperplasia An adaptive mechanism that allow certain organ cells
to regenerate (liver, epidermal and intestinal
epithelia, bone marrow, and fibroblasts). One
example of this is a callus.
Hormonal hyperplasia Mainly in estrogen-dependent organs (uterus/breast)
Pathologic hyperplasia abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur
as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or
effects of growth factors on target cells. One
example of this is endometriosis (excessive menstrual
bleeding due to a failure in growth inhibition controls
with excess estrogen)
Hypertrophy Increase in size of cells that increases size of the
affected organ
Physiologic hypertrophy Caused by increased demand, stimulation of
hormones and growth factors. Skeletal muscles when
working out and uterine enlargement during
pregnancy.
,Pathologic hypertrophy Results from chronic hemodynamic overload. An
example of this is heart valve dysfunction or
hypertension, mechanical signals such as stretch and
trophic signals such as growth factors and vasoactive
agents make the heart stretch then synthesize new
proteins to remodel the heart size
Atrophy Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. Skeletal, heart,
secondary sex organds, and the brain are most
common. Aging causes brain cells to do this and
endocrine-dependent organs, such as gonads, to
shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases.
Physiologic atrophy Type of atrophy that occurs with early development-
ex: the thymus gland undergoes this during
childhood
Pathologic atrophy Atrophy as a result of a decrease in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, and nervous stimulation.
Disuse atrophy Atrophy as a result of being immobilized for long
periods of time.
Dysplasia Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells. Most commonly found
in epithelia. Removal of inciting stimulus in mild to
moderate cases may result in complete reversal
Metaplasia Reversible replacement of one mature cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) by another less
differentiated cell type. Example: ciliated columnar
epithelial cells in smoker's lungs are replaced by
squamous epithelial cells that do not secrete mucus
or have cilia
,A. Skeletal muscles An individual with damage to the spinal cord may
experience atrophy of which of the following
organs?
A. Skeletal muscles
B. Liver
C. Skin
D. Brain
D. Dysplasia Chronic infection of the cervix by the human
papillomavirus results in cervical:
A. metaplasia
B. hormonal hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
B. Tissue loss In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors
stimulate cell division in response to:
A. Ischemia
B. Tissue loss
C. Decreased hormonal stimulation
D. Puberty
B. Hypertrophy In response to an increased workload, such as that
caused by high blood pressure (hypertension),
myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt
through the process of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy
, A. Calcium Which of the following molecules is likely to
accumulate in any dead or dying tissues?
A. Calcium
B. Melanin
C. Protein
D. Uric acid
D. Protein synthesis The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an
increase in:
A. cell division.
B. water accumulation.
C. plasma membrane thickness.
D. protein synthesis.
D. Another type of cell Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells
by:
A. cancer cells.
B. abnormal cells of the same tissue type.
C. scar tissue.
D. another type of cell.
Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia Potassium concentration greater than 5.5. This is
caused by excessive intake, a shift of potassium from
the ICF to the ECF or decreased renal excretion
Manifestation of hyperkalemia mild presentations include restlessness, intestinal
cramping, and diarrhea. Severe presentations include
muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone and paralysis,
depressed ST segment, prolonged PR interval and
widening QRS, vfib, or cardiac arrest.
Interventions for hyperkalemia calcium gluconate, administration of glucose or
administration of glucose and insulin for those with
diabetes
Questions With Applicable Solutions
Save Groups
Terms in this set (166)
Hyperplasia Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
resulting from an increased rate of cellular division.
Occurs in response to an injury with a production of
growth factors or stem cells.
Compensatory Hyperplasia An adaptive mechanism that allow certain organ cells
to regenerate (liver, epidermal and intestinal
epithelia, bone marrow, and fibroblasts). One
example of this is a callus.
Hormonal hyperplasia Mainly in estrogen-dependent organs (uterus/breast)
Pathologic hyperplasia abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur
as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or
effects of growth factors on target cells. One
example of this is endometriosis (excessive menstrual
bleeding due to a failure in growth inhibition controls
with excess estrogen)
Hypertrophy Increase in size of cells that increases size of the
affected organ
Physiologic hypertrophy Caused by increased demand, stimulation of
hormones and growth factors. Skeletal muscles when
working out and uterine enlargement during
pregnancy.
,Pathologic hypertrophy Results from chronic hemodynamic overload. An
example of this is heart valve dysfunction or
hypertension, mechanical signals such as stretch and
trophic signals such as growth factors and vasoactive
agents make the heart stretch then synthesize new
proteins to remodel the heart size
Atrophy Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. Skeletal, heart,
secondary sex organds, and the brain are most
common. Aging causes brain cells to do this and
endocrine-dependent organs, such as gonads, to
shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases.
Physiologic atrophy Type of atrophy that occurs with early development-
ex: the thymus gland undergoes this during
childhood
Pathologic atrophy Atrophy as a result of a decrease in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, and nervous stimulation.
Disuse atrophy Atrophy as a result of being immobilized for long
periods of time.
Dysplasia Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells. Most commonly found
in epithelia. Removal of inciting stimulus in mild to
moderate cases may result in complete reversal
Metaplasia Reversible replacement of one mature cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) by another less
differentiated cell type. Example: ciliated columnar
epithelial cells in smoker's lungs are replaced by
squamous epithelial cells that do not secrete mucus
or have cilia
,A. Skeletal muscles An individual with damage to the spinal cord may
experience atrophy of which of the following
organs?
A. Skeletal muscles
B. Liver
C. Skin
D. Brain
D. Dysplasia Chronic infection of the cervix by the human
papillomavirus results in cervical:
A. metaplasia
B. hormonal hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
B. Tissue loss In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors
stimulate cell division in response to:
A. Ischemia
B. Tissue loss
C. Decreased hormonal stimulation
D. Puberty
B. Hypertrophy In response to an increased workload, such as that
caused by high blood pressure (hypertension),
myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt
through the process of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy
, A. Calcium Which of the following molecules is likely to
accumulate in any dead or dying tissues?
A. Calcium
B. Melanin
C. Protein
D. Uric acid
D. Protein synthesis The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an
increase in:
A. cell division.
B. water accumulation.
C. plasma membrane thickness.
D. protein synthesis.
D. Another type of cell Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells
by:
A. cancer cells.
B. abnormal cells of the same tissue type.
C. scar tissue.
D. another type of cell.
Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia Potassium concentration greater than 5.5. This is
caused by excessive intake, a shift of potassium from
the ICF to the ECF or decreased renal excretion
Manifestation of hyperkalemia mild presentations include restlessness, intestinal
cramping, and diarrhea. Severe presentations include
muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone and paralysis,
depressed ST segment, prolonged PR interval and
widening QRS, vfib, or cardiac arrest.
Interventions for hyperkalemia calcium gluconate, administration of glucose or
administration of glucose and insulin for those with
diabetes
