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What causes vestibular nystagmus? Overstimulation of semicircular canals, causing
involuntary eye movements.
What is benign paroxysmal positional Displacement of otoliths in semicircular canals
vertigo? causing spinning sensation.
Name 3 symptoms of Ménière Vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus.
disease.
What causes secondary Ménière Conditions that alter endolymph
syndrome? production/absorption.
What are common causes of Age-related degeneration, congenital, trauma,
cataracts? infection, drugs, diabetes.
What is the treatment for cataracts? Removal of lens and replacement with artificial lens.
How does glaucoma damage vision? High intraocular pressure → retinal ganglion cell
death → optic nerve damage → vision loss.
What is the most common type of Primary open-angle glaucoma.
glaucoma?
What is the definition of epilepsy? At least 2 unprovoked seizures >24 hrs apart, or one
seizure with high risk of recurrence.
What are the phases of a seizure? Prodroma → Aura → Ictus (Tonic → Clonic) →
Postictal state.