CETP TRAINING STUDY SHEET 2026
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉when do children understand plurals, -ing, on/in?. Answer: Stage 2
(2-2.5 years)
◉when do children start to tell simple stories?. Answer: 2-3 years
◉what is average MLU of 3-4 year old. Answer: 3.0-5.0
◉Brown's Stage 1. Answer: 12-24 months 1.0-2.0 MLU
◉Brown's Stage 2. Answer: -28-36 mo
-MLU: 2-2.5
-ing
-plurals
-in/ on
◉Brown's Stage 3. Answer: - 36-42 mo
-MLU: 2.5-3
-irregular past tense (fell)
,-possessive s (Dad's)
-uncontractable copula (it is)
◉Brown's Stage 4. Answer: -40-46 mo
-MLU: 3-3.75
-articles
-regular past tense -ed
-third person regular -s (he cooks)
◉Brown's Stage 5. Answer: -final stage
-MLU: 3.75-4.5
- 3rd person irregular (does, has)
-uncontractable auxiliary (are, were)
-contractable copula (he's)
-contractable auxiliary (they're)
◉VP insufficiency. Answer: structural problem (cleft palate,
tonsils/adenoids)
◉VP incompetency. Answer: coordination problems (Cerebral Palsy,
dysarthria)
,◉VP mislearning. Answer: phoneme specific nasal emission, hearing
impairment
◉nasal emission. Answer: obligatory, direct result of VPI
nose pinch= correct sound
◉nasal fricative. Answer: learned, may be present with normal VP
function
nose pinch= sound stops
◉tensor veli palatini. Answer: tenses velum, opens ET, innervated by
trigeminal nerve
◉levator veli palatini. Answer: bulk of velum, muscular sling,
primarily responsible for VP closure, main impacted in CP
◉Palatoglossus. Answer: lowers velum, elevates tongue (forms
anterior faucial pillar)
◉palatopharyngeus. Answer: pulls walls of pharynx for lateral
closure, narrows pharynx (posterior faucial pillar)
◉superior pharyngeal constrictors. Answer: pulls walls of pharynx
for lateral closure, narrows pharynx
, ◉articulation errors. Answer: substitutions, omissions, distortions
labialization
nasalization
pharyngeal fricative
devoicing
frontal lisp
lateral lisp
stridency deletion
◉phonological errors (subsitution). Answer: vocalization (bado,
noodoo)
gliding (wabbit, lellow)
fronting
backing
depalatalization
deaffrication
glottal replacement
stopping
◉phonological errors (assimlation). Answer: reduplication (wawa,
baba)
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉when do children understand plurals, -ing, on/in?. Answer: Stage 2
(2-2.5 years)
◉when do children start to tell simple stories?. Answer: 2-3 years
◉what is average MLU of 3-4 year old. Answer: 3.0-5.0
◉Brown's Stage 1. Answer: 12-24 months 1.0-2.0 MLU
◉Brown's Stage 2. Answer: -28-36 mo
-MLU: 2-2.5
-ing
-plurals
-in/ on
◉Brown's Stage 3. Answer: - 36-42 mo
-MLU: 2.5-3
-irregular past tense (fell)
,-possessive s (Dad's)
-uncontractable copula (it is)
◉Brown's Stage 4. Answer: -40-46 mo
-MLU: 3-3.75
-articles
-regular past tense -ed
-third person regular -s (he cooks)
◉Brown's Stage 5. Answer: -final stage
-MLU: 3.75-4.5
- 3rd person irregular (does, has)
-uncontractable auxiliary (are, were)
-contractable copula (he's)
-contractable auxiliary (they're)
◉VP insufficiency. Answer: structural problem (cleft palate,
tonsils/adenoids)
◉VP incompetency. Answer: coordination problems (Cerebral Palsy,
dysarthria)
,◉VP mislearning. Answer: phoneme specific nasal emission, hearing
impairment
◉nasal emission. Answer: obligatory, direct result of VPI
nose pinch= correct sound
◉nasal fricative. Answer: learned, may be present with normal VP
function
nose pinch= sound stops
◉tensor veli palatini. Answer: tenses velum, opens ET, innervated by
trigeminal nerve
◉levator veli palatini. Answer: bulk of velum, muscular sling,
primarily responsible for VP closure, main impacted in CP
◉Palatoglossus. Answer: lowers velum, elevates tongue (forms
anterior faucial pillar)
◉palatopharyngeus. Answer: pulls walls of pharynx for lateral
closure, narrows pharynx (posterior faucial pillar)
◉superior pharyngeal constrictors. Answer: pulls walls of pharynx
for lateral closure, narrows pharynx
, ◉articulation errors. Answer: substitutions, omissions, distortions
labialization
nasalization
pharyngeal fricative
devoicing
frontal lisp
lateral lisp
stridency deletion
◉phonological errors (subsitution). Answer: vocalization (bado,
noodoo)
gliding (wabbit, lellow)
fronting
backing
depalatalization
deaffrication
glottal replacement
stopping
◉phonological errors (assimlation). Answer: reduplication (wawa,
baba)
