KNH 188 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
RATED A+
✔✔accelerometers - ✔✔research device-pricier
triaxial- 3 plane measurement
frequency, intensity
not responsive to static activities
can;t use in aquatic setting
measured in counts
stores info for 45 days
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔sum of all energy processes in the body
✔✔aerobic energy - ✔✔activity that requires oxygen to produce the necessary energy
(ATP) to carry out the activity
✔✔ATP - ✔✔adenosine triphosphate
high energy chemical compound that the body uses for immediate energy
✔✔walking, jogging, cycling, cross-country skiing - ✔✔examples of aerobic
✔✔anaerobic energy - ✔✔exercise that does not require oxygen to produce the
necessary energy (ATP) to carry out the activity
✔✔100,200 400 m track events, 100 m swimming, gymnastics, strength training -
✔✔examples of anaerobic
✔✔phosphogen/creatine phosphate/ phospho-creatine - ✔✔phosphorylation of creatine
takes ONE enzymatic reaction
stores of PC completely depleted at about 6 seconds
✔✔anaerobic glycolysis - ✔✔10 chemical reactions
no O2 so pyruvate can't be metabolized aerobically
✔✔produces ATP quickly for about 2 minutes
picks up where PC leaves off - ✔✔advantages of anaerobic glycolysis
✔✔2 ATP vs 33 ATP
limited due to build-up of lactic acid - ✔✔disadvantages of anaerobic glycolysis
✔✔VO2 - ✔✔volume of oxygen utilized in a specific amount of time
✔✔absolute Vo2 - ✔✔liters or milliliters of oxygen per minute
L/min
,✔✔relative Vo2 - ✔✔liters or milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of bodyweight per minute
ml/kg/min
useful for comparing people
RELATIVE to body weight
✔✔to muscle via the blood - ✔✔where/how oxygen is transported
✔✔Max Vo2 - ✔✔greatest amount of ozygen a person can take in and utilize
✔✔genetics
training
sex
age
body composition - ✔✔max Vo2 is affected by:
✔✔sedentary - ✔✔who has a higher boost in Vo2 max: fit or sedentary individual
✔✔men have bigger hearts and more muscle mass - ✔✔how sex plays a role in max
Vo2
✔✔18-early 20's - ✔✔peak age for max Vo2
✔✔25 - ✔✔age Vo2 starts decreasing at
✔✔1% - ✔✔percent max Vo2 decreases every year
✔✔more muscle=more oxygen - ✔✔how body composition affects max Vo2
✔✔Vo2max= (MHRxSV) x (CaO2-CvO2) - ✔✔Fick equation
✔✔maximum heart rate - ✔✔MHR
✔✔stroke volume
amount of blood pumped per beat - ✔✔SV
✔✔cardiac output OR
pump function- how well blood is pumped out - ✔✔MHR x SV
✔✔arterial oxygen content - ✔✔CaO2
✔✔venous oxygen content - ✔✔CvO2
, ✔✔a-v O2 difference OR
muscle function- how efficient muscles are at extracting O2 from blood and using it -
✔✔CaO2 - CvO2
✔✔increased heart rate
increased stroke volume
dilated arterial blood vessels in muscle
increased respiratory rate
increased blood pressure - ✔✔body's response to exercising an aerobic activity
✔✔decreased resting heart rate (60-80 usually)
increased stroke volume - ✔✔body's response to training
✔✔bradycardia (not bad in fit individual) - ✔✔<60 heart rate
✔✔80% of O2 during maixmal exercise - ✔✔cardiac output during exercise
✔✔makes you more efficient (same amount of activity- less energy) - ✔✔result of
cardiorespiratory training
✔✔harder to lose weight
need to increase intensity then - ✔✔consequence of being ore efficient
✔✔1 MET=3.5 ml/kg/min - ✔✔MET relative Vo2 oxygen value
✔✔muscular strength - ✔✔the ability to do work
✔✔muscular strength - ✔✔ability of a muscle to generate maximal force
✔✔muscular strength - ✔✔amount of weight a person can lift in 1 force
✔✔muscular endurance - ✔✔the ability of a muscle to generate force over and over
again
✔✔walking on campus
carrying a backpack
opening a door
standing upright - ✔✔everyday use of muscular strength and endurance
✔✔REDUCES RISK OF:
falling
muscle/joint injury
developing low back pain
RATED A+
✔✔accelerometers - ✔✔research device-pricier
triaxial- 3 plane measurement
frequency, intensity
not responsive to static activities
can;t use in aquatic setting
measured in counts
stores info for 45 days
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔sum of all energy processes in the body
✔✔aerobic energy - ✔✔activity that requires oxygen to produce the necessary energy
(ATP) to carry out the activity
✔✔ATP - ✔✔adenosine triphosphate
high energy chemical compound that the body uses for immediate energy
✔✔walking, jogging, cycling, cross-country skiing - ✔✔examples of aerobic
✔✔anaerobic energy - ✔✔exercise that does not require oxygen to produce the
necessary energy (ATP) to carry out the activity
✔✔100,200 400 m track events, 100 m swimming, gymnastics, strength training -
✔✔examples of anaerobic
✔✔phosphogen/creatine phosphate/ phospho-creatine - ✔✔phosphorylation of creatine
takes ONE enzymatic reaction
stores of PC completely depleted at about 6 seconds
✔✔anaerobic glycolysis - ✔✔10 chemical reactions
no O2 so pyruvate can't be metabolized aerobically
✔✔produces ATP quickly for about 2 minutes
picks up where PC leaves off - ✔✔advantages of anaerobic glycolysis
✔✔2 ATP vs 33 ATP
limited due to build-up of lactic acid - ✔✔disadvantages of anaerobic glycolysis
✔✔VO2 - ✔✔volume of oxygen utilized in a specific amount of time
✔✔absolute Vo2 - ✔✔liters or milliliters of oxygen per minute
L/min
,✔✔relative Vo2 - ✔✔liters or milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of bodyweight per minute
ml/kg/min
useful for comparing people
RELATIVE to body weight
✔✔to muscle via the blood - ✔✔where/how oxygen is transported
✔✔Max Vo2 - ✔✔greatest amount of ozygen a person can take in and utilize
✔✔genetics
training
sex
age
body composition - ✔✔max Vo2 is affected by:
✔✔sedentary - ✔✔who has a higher boost in Vo2 max: fit or sedentary individual
✔✔men have bigger hearts and more muscle mass - ✔✔how sex plays a role in max
Vo2
✔✔18-early 20's - ✔✔peak age for max Vo2
✔✔25 - ✔✔age Vo2 starts decreasing at
✔✔1% - ✔✔percent max Vo2 decreases every year
✔✔more muscle=more oxygen - ✔✔how body composition affects max Vo2
✔✔Vo2max= (MHRxSV) x (CaO2-CvO2) - ✔✔Fick equation
✔✔maximum heart rate - ✔✔MHR
✔✔stroke volume
amount of blood pumped per beat - ✔✔SV
✔✔cardiac output OR
pump function- how well blood is pumped out - ✔✔MHR x SV
✔✔arterial oxygen content - ✔✔CaO2
✔✔venous oxygen content - ✔✔CvO2
, ✔✔a-v O2 difference OR
muscle function- how efficient muscles are at extracting O2 from blood and using it -
✔✔CaO2 - CvO2
✔✔increased heart rate
increased stroke volume
dilated arterial blood vessels in muscle
increased respiratory rate
increased blood pressure - ✔✔body's response to exercising an aerobic activity
✔✔decreased resting heart rate (60-80 usually)
increased stroke volume - ✔✔body's response to training
✔✔bradycardia (not bad in fit individual) - ✔✔<60 heart rate
✔✔80% of O2 during maixmal exercise - ✔✔cardiac output during exercise
✔✔makes you more efficient (same amount of activity- less energy) - ✔✔result of
cardiorespiratory training
✔✔harder to lose weight
need to increase intensity then - ✔✔consequence of being ore efficient
✔✔1 MET=3.5 ml/kg/min - ✔✔MET relative Vo2 oxygen value
✔✔muscular strength - ✔✔the ability to do work
✔✔muscular strength - ✔✔ability of a muscle to generate maximal force
✔✔muscular strength - ✔✔amount of weight a person can lift in 1 force
✔✔muscular endurance - ✔✔the ability of a muscle to generate force over and over
again
✔✔walking on campus
carrying a backpack
opening a door
standing upright - ✔✔everyday use of muscular strength and endurance
✔✔REDUCES RISK OF:
falling
muscle/joint injury
developing low back pain
