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OSAT Principal Comprehensive Exam Study Guide | Complete Q&A with Verified Answers | Oklahoma School Leader Certification Prep

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Master the core concepts of evolutionary psychology with this complete test bank for the 7th Edition of "Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind" by David M. Buss. This comprehensive digital resource includes verified questions and correct answers for all 13 chapters, covering the full spectrum of evolutionary approaches to human behavior, cognition, and emotion—from natural selection and sexual selection to mating strategies, kinship, cooperation, aggression, conflict, status, and the unified foundations of psychological science. Inside, you'll find hundreds of exam-style multiple-choice questions with correct answers clearly marked, organized by chapter for efficient study and review. Key topics include: Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology: History of evolutionary thought (Darwin, Lamarck, Cuvier, Mendel), natural selection, sexual selection, inclusive fitness (Hamilton's rule), adaptations vs. byproducts vs. noise, genetic drift, and the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA). Evolutionary Methods and Theories: Top-down vs. bottom-up hypothesis testing, cross-cultural comparisons, physiological measures, behavioral genetics, computer simulations, and sources of evidence (archaeological, hunter-gatherer studies, self-report). Survival Problems: Food preferences, disgust (antimicrobial hypothesis), pregnancy sickness (embryo protection), hunting vs. gathering hypotheses, spatial cognition sex differences, habitat selection (savanna hypothesis), fear adaptations, fever and senescence, suicide and homicide. Mating Strategies: Women's long-term mating: Resource acquisition, commitment, protection, health, parental investment theory, cross-cultural preferences (status, age, ambition, love, similarity), mate copying, ovulation effects, and mate value calibration. Men's long-term mating: Reproductive value, fertility cues (youth, WHR, symmetry, averageness, facial femininity), paternity certainty, virginity preferences, mate guarding, testosterone dynamics, and necessity/luxury trade-offs. Short-term mating: Parental investment theory predictions, sexual overperception bias (error management theory), commitment skepticism, sperm competition (testes size, sperm allocation), mate switching, good genes hypotheses, and individual differences (Dark Triad, sociosexuality). Parenting and Kinship: Paternity uncertainty, mating opportunity costs, stepparent investment, grandparental investment patterns (maternal grandmother vs. paternal grandfather), kin recognition mechanisms (association, odor, resemblance), inclusive fitness and helping behavior, parent-offspring conflict, and Trivers-Willard hypothesis. Cooperation and Alliances: Reciprocal altruism, Prisoner's Dilemma, tit-for-tat, cheater detection (Wason selection task), social contract theory, indirect reciprocity, costly signaling, banker's paradox, friendship functions, and coalitional psychology (free-rider punishment, fairness). Aggression and Warfare: Adaptive problems solved by aggression (resource acquisition, defense, status negotiation, mate guarding), sex differences (young male syndrome, homicide patterns, intrasexual competition), warfare adaptations (coalitional killing, status benefits, out-group derogation), and homicide adaptation theory. Conflict Between the Sexes: Strategic interference theory, sexual overperception bias (men) vs. commitment skepticism (women), sexual harassment, rape (byproduct vs. adaptation theories, mate deprivation), sexual jealousy (sex differences in response to sexual vs. emotional infidelity), mate retention tactics, and anti-rape defenses. Status, Prestige, and Dominance: Dominance hierarchies, prestige (service-for-prestige theory), status striving sex differences, social dominance orientation (SDO), dominance theory (deontic vs. indicative reasoning), testosterone and serotonin, self-esteem as sociometer, and submissive strategies (deceiving down, tall poppy derogation). Unified Evolutionary Psychology: Domain-specific vs. domain-general mechanisms, computational theory, ecological rationality, frequentist hypothesis, evolution of language (Scheherazade hypothesis, social gossip), ecological dominance/social competition (EDSC) hypothesis, evoked vs. transmitted culture, culture-gene coevolution, and applications to developmental, personality, clinical, and cognitive psychology. Each question is designed to reinforce key concepts and prepare you for exams, including topics such as: the four levels of analysis, Tinbergen's four whys, Baldwin effect, evolutionary mismatch, dual inheritance theory, modularity of mind, life history theory, sexual conflict, and the integration of evolutionary principles with traditional psychology disciplines. Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students, instructors, and researchers in evolutionary psychology, biological anthropology, behavioral ecology, and related fields seeking a comprehensive, verified question bank for study, exam preparation, or test creation.

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OSAT PRINCIPAL COMPREHENSIVE (144)
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026\2027




.A community group has requested the use of the school gymnasium for an
upcoming event. Which of the following should the principal consider first before
approving the request? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - Whether the request is in
accordance with school and district policy for use of school facilities


.A goal for XYZ High School is to increase teachers' and students' technology
skills. Which of the following decisions best demonstrates that the leader is
aligning resources to achieve the goal? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - Purchase
updated computers for teachers and students and provide training for using them


.A group of community members meet with the principal to share concerns that the
community does not believe the principal is effectively communicating data about
progress toward the school vision and goals to them. The community members
explain that many of them are not able to attend meetings held at the school.
Which of the following solutions should the principal suggest to the community
members? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - Develop a variety of ways to communicate
in addition to the community meetings, such as via email, a school newsletter, and
regular phone calls.

,.A group of parents expressed concern to the school leader that they did not feel
involved in the decision-making processes at the school. Which of the following
actions could the school leader take to address their concerns? - CORRECT
ANSWE✅✅ - Create a parent focus group.


.A group of social studies teachers at a high school approach the principal to
discuss forming a professional learning community(PLC). The teachers explain
that their initial focus will be on strategies for differentiating instruction. The
principal can best support the teachers in meeting their goals of the PLC by: -
CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - encouraging the teachers to identify authentic
instructional problems for which they can develop solutions within the PLC.


.A group of teachers who are unhappy with some of the policies on campus have
organized into an informal group. They have begun inviting other teachers and
staff to meet with them to discuss campus concerns. The school leader becomes
aware of the group. Which of the following is the best response to the formation of
this group? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - Invite the group to meet with the school
leader to discuss their concerns.


.A high school in the second year of a multiyear implementation of a new
schoolwide instructional system. The new system requires teachers to significantly
change the way they deliver instruction to students, and the principal has noticed
that a subset of teachers is resistant to making the required changes in their
classrooms. Several of those teachers have expressed discontent with the new
system during the department meeting. Which of the following strategies should
the principal utilize to address the teachers' resistance - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ -
Encouraging the teachers to share their concerns about the new system so that the
faculty can collaboratively assess the concerns and develop solutions


.A high school principal ensured that the campus was fully staffed with highly
qualified teachers at least a month before the start of the school year. What is the
primary benefit of this effort? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - All teachers will have

,an opportunity to participate in trainings and professional development prior to the
start of the year.


.A high school principal has created instructional teams comprised of teachers
from each core content area and fine arts. These teams plan instruction together
and incorporate concepts from the various subjects in each of their classrooms.
This strategy is an example of what type of instruction? - CORRECT
ANSWE✅✅ - Cross-curricular instruction


.A high school principal is conducting regularly scheduled classroom
walkthroughs. A first-year teacher is showing a video documentary that aligns with
the topics on which the teacher is focusing this week. During the walkthrough, the
principal observes that most of the students appear to be watching the video as
entertainment, while a few students are looking out of the window or texting on
their cellphones. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for
the principal to suggest to the teacher in order to improve instruction? - CORRECT
ANSWE✅✅ - including activities before and after the video to establish and
reinforce learning objectives.


.A high school principal is informed by a clerk in the main office that moments
earlier, an anonymous caller made a bomb threat against the school. In response to
this situation, the principal's first course of action should be to - CORRECT
ANSWE✅✅ - evacuate the school immediately and bring students to a secure
location


.A high school principal is overseeing the implementation of a schoolwide
instructional initiative to provide targeted academic support for students at risk of
not graduating. Responses to faculty surveys over the past two years demonstrate
strong support for the inititative as well as uncertanty about hou to reach as-risk
students. Which of the following strategies can the principal utilize, in
collaboration with the faculty, to design professional development to support the
implementation of this initiative? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - linking individual
teacher growth plan goals explicity with the instructional goals of the initiative

, .A leader must ensure that the school's physical plant, equipment, and support
systems operate safely, efficiently, and effectively. Which of the following
strategies best helps the school leader fulfill this responsibility? - CORRECT
ANSWE✅✅ - Selecting the appropriate staff to manage the physical plant


.A middle school is expecting a dramatic increase in the number of students
requiring special education services for the upcoming school year. Which of the
following should be the principal's primary concern? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ -
The availability of human and fiscal resources needed to meet the needs of this
group of students


.A middle school principal has been informed that there will be a cut in the school
budget in the area of technology capital for the upcoming school year. Based on
this information, which of the following represents the best action that the school
principal could take? - CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - Assess the current technology
on campus and determine how to use current assets for next school year's
instruction


.A new pricnipal will be starting at a culturally diverse schiil with a history of
achievement gaps for some studnt groups. In an initial meeting with the leadership
team, the princiapl sets creating a more equitable learning environment as a high-
priority improvement goal for the school. Which of the following strategies
whould be most effective in building a more equitable learning environment? -
CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - working with teachers to recognize and eliminate
barriers that may prevent students from accessing the cutrriculum.


.A new principal is entering a school that has had high staff turnover rates for
several consecutive years. Which of the following policy changes would be most
effective and appropriate for increasing teacher retention at the school? -
CORRECT ANSWE✅✅ - ensuring that induction programs and professional
development offerings are meaningful and teacher focused

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