BIO 256 LATEST 2026 MAIN FINALS EXAM QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Describe the structure of amphipathic molecules. - ✔✔Amphipathic molecules have
a polar head and a nonpolar tail, allowing them to interact with both water and non-
water substances.
✔✔Mastication - ✔✔chewing: the first step of mechanical digestion
✔✔Deglutition - ✔✔swallowing
✔✔Elimination - ✔✔the release of feces via defecatiom
✔✔Ingestion - ✔✔intake of food and it is selective
✔✔Absorption - ✔✔uptake of nutrient molecules into epithelial cells of the small
intestine that line the villi and pass to the blood and lymph
✔✔Briefly describe the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - ✔✔Nausea,
abdominal pain, epigastric pain
✔✔What is the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease? - ✔✔H. pylori induced
stomach infection that causes the stomach to lack mucus
✔✔For the peptic ulcer dz question, the etiological cause is a virus or bacteria? -
✔✔bacteria
✔✔What is the function of hepatic artery'? - ✔✔Oxygenated blood to the liver
✔✔What is the function of hepatic portal vein? - ✔✔Delivers nutrients to the liver and
transports oxygen poor blood to the digestive tract
✔✔hepatic artery and portal vein carrying? - ✔✔deoxygenated yet rich nutrient
✔✔hepatic artery and portal vein both drain into capillary like structure called -
✔✔sinusoids
✔✔sinusoids - ✔✔supply exchange the liver cells with oxygenated and nutrient rich
blood
✔✔the sinusoids drain in a central vein which feeds? - ✔✔deoxygenated blood into
hepatic vein
✔✔Gastric lipase is secreted by what cell? - ✔✔chief cells
, ✔✔PARIETAL CELLS of the stomach secrete what? - ✔✔HCl and intrinsic factor
✔✔Use "HPI" to remember: - ✔✔H = HCL, P = Parietal cell, I = I.F.
✔✔What do chief cells of the stomach secrete? - ✔✔chief cells, pepsinogen, gastric
lipase
✔✔protein digestion starts - ✔✔stomach
✔✔ name all the Primary Organs of Alimentary Canal, from oral cavity to anus
(including all sphincters). - ✔✔§ Mouth
§ Pharynx
§ Upper esophageal sphincter
§ Lower esophageal sphincter
§ Stomach
§ Pyloric sphincter
§ Small intestine
§ Ileocecal sphincter
§ Large intestine
§ Rectum
§ External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) (voluntary)
§ Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) (involuntary)
§ anus
✔✔External anal sphincter - ✔✔skeletal muscle, voluntary
✔✔Internal anal sphincter - ✔✔smooth muscle, involuntary
✔✔name all the Accessory organs - ✔✔teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
✔✔Gallbladder - ✔✔stores and concentrates bile
✔✔Function of the liver related to bilirubin - ✔✔Bilirubin synthesis and secretion to bile
✔✔Function of the liver related to clotting - ✔✔Production of clotting factors
✔✔Function of the liver related to metabolism - ✔✔Conversion of ammonia to urea,
glucose synthesis, cholesterol and protein synthesis
✔✔Function of the liver related to detoxification - ✔✔Detoxification of substances
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Describe the structure of amphipathic molecules. - ✔✔Amphipathic molecules have
a polar head and a nonpolar tail, allowing them to interact with both water and non-
water substances.
✔✔Mastication - ✔✔chewing: the first step of mechanical digestion
✔✔Deglutition - ✔✔swallowing
✔✔Elimination - ✔✔the release of feces via defecatiom
✔✔Ingestion - ✔✔intake of food and it is selective
✔✔Absorption - ✔✔uptake of nutrient molecules into epithelial cells of the small
intestine that line the villi and pass to the blood and lymph
✔✔Briefly describe the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - ✔✔Nausea,
abdominal pain, epigastric pain
✔✔What is the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease? - ✔✔H. pylori induced
stomach infection that causes the stomach to lack mucus
✔✔For the peptic ulcer dz question, the etiological cause is a virus or bacteria? -
✔✔bacteria
✔✔What is the function of hepatic artery'? - ✔✔Oxygenated blood to the liver
✔✔What is the function of hepatic portal vein? - ✔✔Delivers nutrients to the liver and
transports oxygen poor blood to the digestive tract
✔✔hepatic artery and portal vein carrying? - ✔✔deoxygenated yet rich nutrient
✔✔hepatic artery and portal vein both drain into capillary like structure called -
✔✔sinusoids
✔✔sinusoids - ✔✔supply exchange the liver cells with oxygenated and nutrient rich
blood
✔✔the sinusoids drain in a central vein which feeds? - ✔✔deoxygenated blood into
hepatic vein
✔✔Gastric lipase is secreted by what cell? - ✔✔chief cells
, ✔✔PARIETAL CELLS of the stomach secrete what? - ✔✔HCl and intrinsic factor
✔✔Use "HPI" to remember: - ✔✔H = HCL, P = Parietal cell, I = I.F.
✔✔What do chief cells of the stomach secrete? - ✔✔chief cells, pepsinogen, gastric
lipase
✔✔protein digestion starts - ✔✔stomach
✔✔ name all the Primary Organs of Alimentary Canal, from oral cavity to anus
(including all sphincters). - ✔✔§ Mouth
§ Pharynx
§ Upper esophageal sphincter
§ Lower esophageal sphincter
§ Stomach
§ Pyloric sphincter
§ Small intestine
§ Ileocecal sphincter
§ Large intestine
§ Rectum
§ External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) (voluntary)
§ Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) (involuntary)
§ anus
✔✔External anal sphincter - ✔✔skeletal muscle, voluntary
✔✔Internal anal sphincter - ✔✔smooth muscle, involuntary
✔✔name all the Accessory organs - ✔✔teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
✔✔Gallbladder - ✔✔stores and concentrates bile
✔✔Function of the liver related to bilirubin - ✔✔Bilirubin synthesis and secretion to bile
✔✔Function of the liver related to clotting - ✔✔Production of clotting factors
✔✔Function of the liver related to metabolism - ✔✔Conversion of ammonia to urea,
glucose synthesis, cholesterol and protein synthesis
✔✔Function of the liver related to detoxification - ✔✔Detoxification of substances
