CNSL503/ CNSL 503 Module 2 Statistics 2026/2027 | Portage Learning | Verified Questions & Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A

CNSL503/ CNSL 503 Module 2 Statistics 2026/2027 | Portage Learning | Verified Questions & Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A Q: Visual representations of datasets make it easier to ____ Answer summarize and interpret results Q: ___ tables display the number of times a certain value appears within their dataset and can be extended to show number of each occurrence in relation to total number of occurrences Answer Frequency tables Q: The ___ frequency is the exact number of times each variable appears in a dataset Answer absolute frequency Q: The ___ frequency is the ratio of the frequency of a specific variable in relation to the total number of frequencies in the dataset. Answer relative frequency Q: The ___ frequency is the sum of all proceeding categories Answer cumulative Q: With quantitative data and the wider range of values available, a ____ table presents data more concisely in bins. Answer grouped frequency distribution table Q: ___ are defined as a range of scores grouped together in sets, and the number of scores that fall within that range is calculated. Answer Bins Q: ___ charts are used to display relative frequency of each value within a qualitative or categorical dataset Answer Pie charts Q: Pie charts are less effective because Answer if a large number of categories exist in a dataset it is less easily interpreted and the frequency is not displayed. Q: __ charts represent the frequency of each value with qualitative data, with the set of bars used to display frequency of each category. The height of the bar corresponds ot the number of frequency. The bars do not touch each other as each value is a distinct category. Answer Bar Q: The advantage of a bar chart over a pie chart is Answer That is shows relative frequency and frequency and is able to show a wider range of values. Q: A ___ uses bars to represent the frequency of quantitative data. The height of each bar represents the frequency, as bars usually touch as it represents a range of continuous, rather than discrete scores. The width of the bars represents the size of the range of values contained within that bar. Answer Histogram Q: A ___ is a line graph used to represent values from an interval or ratio scale. The frequency of each category is represented by a dot rather than bar. Answer Frequency polygon Q: In a frequency polygon, if data is grouped, the dot is placed Answer diretly above the midpoint of the interval Q: The shape depicted in frequency polygons can help you predict Answer trends in data values Q: A ___ represents quantitative data in smaller sets by showing a table of values whereby the first digit (or digits) represent the stem and the last digit represents a leaf Answer stem and leaf plot Q: A stem and leaf plot is beneficial because Answer each data point is represented and you can clearly see groupings Q: ___ are created via tech and stats programs to represent data measured on three different axes Answer Three dimensional graph Q: Qualitative data is represented in __ and__ , The more commonly used is the __. Answer Pie chart and bar graph, more commonly used is bar graph Q: Quantitative data is represented in __, __, and__ Answer histograms, frequency polygons, box plots, and stem and leaf plots Q: A __ is the value appearing most frequently in a dataset Answer mode Q: Number of peaks in a graph represent a _ distribution: 0- 1 - 2 - 3 - 2+ - Answer 0 - uniform 1 - unimodal 2 - bimodal 3 - trimodal 2+ - multimodal Q: In a symmetrical distribution, the relationship between mean, median and mode is Answer mean = median = mode Q: In a ___ distribution, the values are concentrated on right/left Answer skewed Q: A negatively-skewed distribution , outliers are at __ values and the mean, median, and mode are Answer outliers are at low values, modemedianmean Q: In a postively skewed distribution, outliers are at __ values, and the mean, median, and mode are Answer outliers are at high values, meanmedianmode ___ statistics provide a way to organize and summarize a dataset using a single number that best represents the entire distribution of scores. Answer Descriptive The mean is best represented in ___ distributions Answer symmetrical Which measures of central tendency and variance are affected by outliers? Answer Mean, range, and standard deviation The ___ is the value with the highest frequency in a dataset Answer mode The __ is the midpoint of the distribution Answer median In a skewed distribution, the most useful measure of central tendency is the Answer median as mean is towards extreme values In a nominal/categorical distribution, the most useful measure of central tendency is Answer mode Outliers can be due to Answer errors in data collection or misleading/inaccurate survey responses, can occur legitimately and careful attention must be made to these values ___ tells you whether scores are clustered together around the mean or spread out from the mean, indicating the amount of error expected if used to predict a population Variability Three measures of variability: 1. range 2. variance 3. standard deviation __ is the difference between the max and min values Range ___ are a spread of distribution divided into four segments Quartiles A ___ plots quartiles box plot In a box plot, the length of the box represents 50% of the values in the dataset, or the ___ interquartile range Interquartile range is/is not sensitive to outliers Interquartile range is not sensitive to outliers because it is calculated with Q1 thru Q3 or middle 50% of the data A __ displays variation in a set (or sets) of data by plotting the five-number summary (minimum, maximum, range, median, IQR) and groups data into quartiles. box plot Steps to create a box plot 1. ID median 2. ID lower quartile (halfway between minimum and median) 3. ID upper quartile (halfway between maximum and median 4. Draw line with equal intervals, 5. plot rectangular box from Q1-Q3 6. Median is vertical line 7. Min and max marked with whiskers In a box plot, the range is the distance between the whiskers ___ involves measuring the average distance from the mean and is the most commonly used measure of variability Standard deviation ___ is the average of teh squared differences of the mean Variance Population variance is equal to sum of squares divide by N sample variance is equal to sum of squares divided by n-1 The __ is the difference between each value and mean. Deviation Steps for calculating the variance 1. Calculate deviation of each score from the mean 2. Square each deviation from the mean 3. Sum all the squares together 4. Divide this value by N for whole population datasets of n-1 for sample datasets The __ is the square root of the variance Standard deviation High variance scores indicates scores are spread out from the mean Low variance indicates scores clustered around the mean Why is it important to calculate standard deviation? 2 samples with the same mean can have widely different datasets, and standard deviation helps you better understand the variability or reliability of the data for making inferences about populations A frequency distribution polygon measures what type of variables? interval or ratio You plot the exam scores using a histogram. If the bars of the histogram increase from left to right, what conclusion can be made? There are more high scores than low scores. For a positively skewed distribution with a mode of 30 and median of 36, what value could be the mean? In positively skewed data, the modemedianmean. The median is 36, so the mean must be greater than 36. 0 / 0 pts For a negatively skewed distribution with a mean of 45 and a mode of 53, what value could be the median? In negatively skewed data, the meanmedianmode; therefore, 45median53. What is a frequency table used for? A frequency table is a table that displays the number of times a certain value appears within the dataset, otherwise known as each value’s frequency What is one advantage of using a bar chart over a pie chart? Unlike pie charts, bar charts can be used to display the frequencies for numerous categories and are, therefore, used more often to display the results from studies with large datasets What does a frequency distribution polygon measure? Interval and ratio scales What is central tendency? Name 3 ways it can be measured. A measure that represents the middle of values within a distribution. Mean, median, and mode How is a frequency distribution formed? When the frequency for every value in a dataset is presented What is relative frequency? The ratio of the frequency of a specific variable in relation to the total number of frequencies in the dataset What is cumulative frequency? The sum of all preceding categories Pie charts typically used to display the relative frequencies of each value or category within a qualitative or categorical data set Bar charts a set of bars is used to display the frequency of each category within a dataset Histogram a type of bar graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of quantitative data Frequency polygon a type of line graph used to present scores from an interval or ratio scale Stem and leaf plot (or stem plot) a table of values, whereby the first digit (or digits) represents the "stem" and the last digit represents the leaf Uniform distribution a distribution having no mode Multimodal distribution distribution with more than one mode negatively skewed (left-skewed) most of the values fall on the right side of the distribution, creating a "tail" on the left positively skewed (right-skewed) the majority of values pile up on the left side of the distribution and the graph falls to the right creating the "tail mean arithmetic average µ population mean x̄, M sample mean Σ sum of median midpoint of the distribution mode value with the highest frequency in a dataset outlier An extreme value that is either much smaller than, or much larger than, most of the values in a dataset variability tells you whether the scores are clustered together around the mean or whether the scores are spread out from the mean range the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value in a dataset interquartile range (IQR) represents the middle 50% of the values in a dataset = Q3-Q1 Box plot (box and whiskers plot) displays the variation in a set (or sets) of data by plotting the five-number summary (minimum, maximum, range, median, and interquartile range) variance the average of the squared differences from the mean standard deviation the square root of the variance