NAO Book 1 Exam Questions With All Correct Answers Verified Answers 2025 Marking Scheme New Update

NAO Book 1 Exam Questions With All Correct Answers Verified Answers 2025 Marking Scheme New Update Reflex tears - Answer- Produced by lacrimal glands & are caused by stimulus such as coughing, sneezing, strong smells & emotions Layers of tear film (outer-innermost) - Answer- Lipid, aqueous, mucin Tear lake, tear prism, tear meniscus - Answer- Collection of the thin film of tears on the lower lid margin Ectropia - Answer- Eyelids turn outward Entropion - Answer- Eyelids turn inward Conjunctiva - Answer- Mucous membrane lining lids & globe Goblet cells - Answer- produce mucus Conjunctivitis - Answer- inflammation of the conjunctiva First tunic (outer tunic) - Answer- Sclera, cornea, limbus 2nd tunic (middle tunic) - Answer- Sclera-retina (iris, ciliary body, choroid) 3rd tunic (inner tunic) - Answer- Retina Outer tunic - Answer- Fibrous; receives O2 from tears and blood vessels Layers of the cornea (outermost-innermost) - Answer- Epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, descements membrane, endothelium Epithelium - Answer- Has 5-7 layers Bowman's layer - Answer- If damaged, scar tissue will form Endothelium - Answer- If deprived of O2, will lost cells quickly & cause swelling Average power of the cornea - Answer- 42.00-45.00 diopters Canal of Schlemm - Answer- Encircles the lumbar region; where aqueous drains into the trabecular meshwork Middle tunic - Answer- vascular Inner tunic - Answer- Light sensitive Anterior chamber - Answer- Back surface of the cornea & the iris Posterior chamber - Answer- Between the iris and crystalline lens Anisocoria - Answer- unequal pupil size Iritis - Answer- inflammation of the iris Sphincter - Answer- Muscle that constricts, causing the pupil to become smaller Dilator - Answer- Muscle dilates causing the pupil to become larger Floaters - Answer- Located in the vitreous Aphakia - Answer- Absence of the crystalline lens Presbyopia - Answer- loss of accommodation 6 extraocular muscles - Answer- Medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique -tropia - Answer- A definite turning of the eye Tear film - Answer- How the cornea primarily received it's nutrients Irregular astigmatism - Answer- A refractive condition caused by a cornea which is damaged and irregular so that rays of light come to many focal points on the retina; is not correctable by cylinders. Anisometropia - Answer- significant unequal refractive error between two eyes choroid - Answer- Primary purpose is to supply nutrients to the retina photopic - Answer- Using cones in lighted conditions Fovea - Answer- Area of the retina capable of fine detailed vision Adduction - Answer- Turning inwards; towards the nose Abduction - Answer- Turning outwards; towards the temple Primary position of the eyes - Answer- Straight ahead Secondary position on the eyes - Answer- Up or down Ora serrata - Answer- junction between retina and ciliary body Optic disk - Answer- Where the optic nerve begins optic chiasm - Answer- Where the optical images split & recombine Visual cortex - Answer- The portion of the brain where the processing of the final image is completed accommodation - Answer- Ability to focus at different distances Approximate dioptric power of the eye - Answer- 60 diopters Fusion - Answer- The process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity (occurs in the brain) Average corneal refractive power - Answer- 43 diopters Esophoria - Answer- Tendency for the eye to turn inward when both eyes are fixating on an object; controlled by fusion. Diplopia - Answer- double vision amblyopia - Answer- loss of vision not due to any disease; not correctable with glasses; persons with amblyopia wear a patch over one eye to force affected eye to work; commonly called lazy eye Radial keratotomy - Answer- The procedure in which incisions flatten the periphery of the cornea Pseudoaphakia - Answer- A person with an IOL Trichomat - Answer- a person with normal color vision For what purpose was the Chinese Emperor believed to have worn spectacles in 2283 BC - Answer- Knowledge & authority Since the first lenses were plus or convex, what were they used for? - Answer- Reading glasses