Exam (elaborations) NU 216 Adult health one (NU 216 Adult health one) NU 216 Adult health one Final;Summer

Unit 1 Visual  Eye accommodation – pupils will constrict when moving an object towards the nose  Light – pupils constrict  Dark – pupils dilate  Cataract development o Cataract = opacity within the lens o Risk factors  Age (senile cataracts)  Blunt or penetrating trauma  Maternal rubella  Radiation or ultraviolet light exposure  Ocular inflammation  Medications – corticosteroids  Medical history – Diabetes o Clinical manifestations  Decrease in vision  Gradual  Abnormal color perception  Glare  May be significantly worse at night when the pupil dilates o Diagnosis  Decreased visual acuity  Visual dysfunction  Ophthalmoscopy – opacity is directly observable o Nonsurgical Therapy  Changing eyewear prescription – temporarily improve visual acuity  Strong reading glasses/magnifiers – near vision  Increase amount of light to read  Lifestyle modification o Surgical Therapy  Preoperative  History and physical examination  Outpatient surgical  Dilating drops o Mydriatic  A-adrenergic agonist  Contraction of iris dilator muscle o Cycloplegic  Anticholinergic  Blocks effect of acetylcholine on ciliary body muscles o WEAR DARK GLASSES TO MINIMIZE PHOTOPHOBIA  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drop – reduce inflammation  Intraoperative  Phacoemulsification – small incision is made in the surface of the eye in or near the cornea, ultrasonic vibrations dissolve the clouded lens, particles are suctioned out  Extracapsular cataract extraction procedure – cataract is removed in one piece o Advanced cataracts when lens is too dense  IOL lens – posterior chamber lens implanted in capsular bag behind iris  Postoperative  Antibiotic drops – prevent infection  Corticosteroid drops – decrease postoperative inflammatory response  Activity restrictions – bending, stooping, coughing, lifting o Health Promotion  Wear sunglasses  Avoid extraneous or unnecessary radiation  Maintain appropriate intake of antioxidant vitamins – C and E  Macular degeneration development o Most common cause of irreversible central vision loss o 2 forms  Dry (nonexudative)  Most common  Close vision tasks difficult  Macular cells atrophy – slowly progressive and painless vision loss  Abnormal accumulation of yellowish extracellular deposits (drusen) in retinal pigment epithelium  Acute vision loss  Wet (exudative)  More severe  Accounts for AMD-related blindness  More rapid onset of vision loss  Development of abnormal blood vessels in or near macula o May leak fluid and bleed – scar tissue  Acute vision loss o Risk factors  Retinal aging  Genetics and family history  White ethnicity  Chronic inflammation conditions  Smoking  Hypertension o Reduce risk  Increase intake of dark green, leafy vegetables with lutein (kale/spinach)  Vitamin and mineral supplements  Smoking cessation