NHM 340 EXAM 1 MODULE 1-4 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

NHM 340 EXAM 1 MODULE 1-4 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Policy - Answers A course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem. Intervention - Answers A health promotion activity aimed at changing the behavior of a target audience. Certification - Answers Limits the use of particular titles (dietitian, Nutritionist) to persons meeting predetermined requirements, but persons not certified can still practice the occupation or profession. Determinants of health - Answers The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status. It is the interrelationships among these factors that determine individual population health. Age, gender, race, genetic makeup, nutrition status, and physiologic state, which determine an individual's susceptibility to disease Risk factors - Answers Clinically important signs associated with an increased likelihood of acquiring a disease. Formula: Relative Risk=Risk of disease or death of exposed person/Risk of disease or death for unexposed persons. Health promotion - Answers the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health Public Health - Answers Focuses on protecting and promoting people's health through the actions of society Licensure - Answers Dietetics practitioners are licensed to ensure that only qualified, trained professionals provide nutrition service or advice to individuals requiring or seeking nutrition counseling or information; non-licensed practitioners may be subject to prosecution for practicing without a license. Health - Answers According to the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease. Surveillance - Answers An approach to collecting data on a population's health and nutrition status in which data collection occurs regularly and repeatedly. What are the three arenas of community nutrition practice - Answers People, Policy, Programs People (arena of community nutrition practice) - Answers these are the individuals who will benefit from community nutrition programs and services Examples: Range from young single mothers on public assistance to senior business executives, or any community setting. They have access to food in times of need and learn skills that improve eating patterns. Programs and services are tailored according to the needs of the communities. Policy (arena of community nutrition practice) - Answers are a course of action that can be implemented through laws, regulations, or programs • Community nutritionists use policy to change or influence services that reach individuals or a population Course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem, this is what governments and organizations hope to accomplish. For ex: Gleaning, community nutritionist lobbied for a bylaw to pass, in order to stop waste of apples and deliver them to communities in need. Programs (arena of community nutrition practice) - Answers Are the instruments used by community nutritionists to seek behavior changes that improve nutritional status and health. They are wide-ranging and varied. They may target small groups of people—children with developmental disabilities in Nevada schools or teenagers living in a Brooklyn residential home—or they may target large groups, such as all adults with high blood cholesterol concentrations. One desired outcome is behavior change Differentiate between the terms "community nutrition" and "public health nutrition". - Answers "Community nutrition" and "public health nutrition" are sometime considered synonymous terms. Community nutrition is the broader term and encompasses any nutrition program whose target is community, whether funded by gov. or private group. Public health nutrition refers to those community-based programs conducted by a government agency whose official mandate is the delivery of health services to individuals living in a particular area. (Pg 21) List at least three determinants of health for Biology and Genetics: - Answers i. Sex ii. Age iii. Race List at least three determinants of health for Lifestyle: - Answers i. Physical Activity ii. Diet iii. Hobbies List at least three determinants of health for Living, Working, and Social Conditions: - Answers i. Housing ii. Education iii. Occupation List at least three determinants of health for community Conditions: - Answers i. Water supply ii. Climate and geography iii. Social services List at least three determinants of health for background conditions: - Answers i. National food and nutrition policy ii. Cultural beliefs iii. Cultural Values What are the three types of prevention ? - Answers primary, secondary, tertiary Primary: What is primary prevention? What is an example of primary prevention? - Answers Primary prevention is aimed at preventing disease and controlling risk factors that are related to injury or disease. Ex: Heart-healthy cooking class helps people change their eating and cooking patterns to reduce their risk of heart disease. Secondary: What is secondary prevention? What is an example of secondary prevention? - Answers Focuses on detecting disease early through screening and other forms of risk appraisal. Ex: Public health fair to identify people with high blood pressure, who are then referred to a doctor. Tertiary: What is tertiary prevention? What is an example of tertiary prevention? - Answers Aims to treat and rehabilitate people who have experienced an illness or injury. EX: Education programs for people recently diagnosed with diabetes help prevents further disability and health problems. What is Healthy People 2020? - Answers A set of goals and objectives with 10 year targets designed to guide national health promotion and disease prevention efforts to improve the health of all people in the US. What are the four overarching goals of Healthy People 2020? - Answers The health determinants are the range of personal, social, economic, and environment factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations. Goal 1-Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, or premature death. Goal 2-Achieve health equality, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Goal 3- Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Goal 4- Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across every stage of life. Epidemiology - Answers is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems. Distribution - Answers is the relationship between the health problem and the population in which it exists. Distribution includes the persons affected, the place and time of the occurrence, and different parameters such as age, sex, race, occupation, income and educational levels, and social and environmental features. Determinants - Answers refer to causes and factors that affect the risk of disease. Determinants are usually host factors including age, sex, race, nutrition status, and health status; and environmental factors such as housing, occupation, where someone lives, and lifestyle. Incidence - Answers The number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period in a defined population. Prevalence - Answers The number of existing cases of a disease or other condition in a given population. Point prevalence is the amount of a particular disease present in a population at a particular point in a time. Period prevalence is the amount of a particular disease in a population over a period of time. The prevalence rate is the proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease or attribute at a particular point in time. Vital Statistics - Answers Figures pertaining to life events, such as births, deaths, and marriages. Used to calculate an individual's risk of dying before a certain age. Risk - Answers The probability or likelihood of an event occurring -in this case the probability that people will acquire a disease. Relative Risk (RR) - Answers Is a comparison of the risk of some health-related event, such as disease or death, in two groups. (Risk of disease or death for exposed person/ Risk of disease or death for unexposed person) Explain how to interpret relative risk. - Answers Relative risk is a comparison of the risk of some health related even such as death and disease. RR= Risk of disease or death for exposed persons/ risk of disease or death for unexposed persons. If RR= 1.0 there is no risk association, the risk in the exposed group in the exposed group and that in the unexposed group are the same. If RR1.0 the exposed group is at greater risk of dying that the unexposed group. This is a direct relationship with the disease and poses a risk for the subject. The farther away from 1 the stronger the association. If RR 1.0 the exposed group has similar risk than that of the unexposed group-possibly because of a protective effect from the exposure. A RR 0.82 means an inverse relationship between disease and exposure. It is protective. Describe 7 steps in conducting a community needs assessment. - Answers Step 1 Set the parameters of the assessment Step 2 Develop a data collection plan Step 3 Collect data • About the community • About the community environment and background factors • About individuals who represent the target population Step 4 Analyze and interpret the data Step 5 Share the findings Step 6 Set priorities Step 7 Choose a plan of action Qualitative Data - Answers opinions and insights may be derived from interviews • With key informants- people who are knowledgeable about the community, its history, and its past efforts to promote healthy eating • With stakeholders-the people and organizations with vested interest in promoting and achieving optimal nutrition status • Members of community itself Examples: Interviews, subjective data Quantitative Data - Answers derived from a variety of databases, including registries of vital statistics, published research studies, hospital records, and local health surveys Examples: Numerical data such as weight, lab values, vital statistics, age of death, local health services. Goals - Answers are broad statements that indicate what the assessment is expected to accomplish Objectives - Answers are statements of the outcomes and activities needed to reach a goal _____________a systematic study of a cross section of individuals who represent the target population. It is a relatively inexpensive method of collecting information from a large group of people. Survey Health Risk Appraisal Screening Focus Groups Interviews with Key Informants Direct Assessments of Nutritional Status - Answers Survey ___________________one type of nutrition survey used in community nutrition. The HRA is a kind of "health hazard chart" that asks questions about the lifestyle factors that influence disease risk, and it has been used successfully to improve health behaviors. Survey Health Risk Appraisal Screening Focus Groups Interviews with Key Informants Direct Assessments of Nutritional Status - Answers Health Risk Appraisal ______________an important preventative health activity designed to reverse, retard, or halt the progress of a disease by detecting it as soon as possible. Screening can be conducted in the clinical and community settings by a variety of health care professionals. Survey Health Risk Appraisal Screening Focus Groups Interviews with Key Informants Direct Assessments of Nutritional Status - Answers Screening _____________are informal groups of 5 to 12 people who are asked to share their concerns, experiences, beliefs, opinions, or problems. Focus groups provide qualitative information that helps nutritionists understand how the nutritional problem developed and whether the target population perceives it to be a problem. Survey Health Risk Appraisal Screening Focus Groups Interviews with Key Informants Direct Assessments of Nutritional Status - Answers Focus Groups _____________with Key Informants can be used to complete a cultural assessment of the target population or to provide insights about whether the target population perceives a nutritional problem and which actions for addressing the problem are culturally appropriate. Survey Health Risk Appraisal Screening Focus Groups Interviews with Key Informants Direct Assessments of Nutritional Status - Answers Interviews ________________are used to determine an individual's or a population's usual dietary intake and to identify potential dietary inadequacies. Direct assessment methods use dietary, laboratory, anthropometric, and clinical measurements of individuals to identify those with malnutrition or a nutrient deficiency. Survey Health Risk Appraisal Screening Focus Groups Interviews with Key Informants Direct Assessments of Nutritional Status - Answers Direct Assessments of Nutritional Status Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) - Answers a type of survey instrument used to characterize a population's general health status three components of a health risk appraisal (HRA) - Answers 1. HRA consists of questionnaire 2. Calculations that predict risk of disease (blood pressure, blood lipid panel) 3. an educational report to the individual • Used to alert those to any risky behaviors they may do & inform on how to modify these behaviors Focus groups are helpful for: - Answers • • • • • • Assessing needs • Generating information • Developing plans • Testing new programs and ideas • Improving existing programs • Evaluating outcomes Sensitivity - Answers - proportion of individuals with the disease or condition who have a positive test • A sensitive test rarely misses people with the disease or condition • It is often used in screening situations in which the purpose of the test is to detect a disease or condition in people who appear to be asymptomatic Specificity - Answers - proportion without the disease or condition who have a negative test • Specific tests are used to confirm a diagnosis • The oral glucose tolerance test is a highly specific test for diagnosing diabetes mellitus Describe six factors that can trigger program planning. - Answers 1. Results of the community needs assessment 2. Mandate from organization's national office or from a federal agency 3. Research findings 4. Community leader or coalition 5. Availability of funding for new programs 6. Government Policy Describe the 7 steps in program planning. - Answers Step 1 Review the results of the community Step 2 Define program goals and objectives Step 3 Develop a program plan • Design the intervention • Design the nutrition education component • Develop the marketing plan Step 4 Develop the management system Step 5 Identify funding sources Step 6 Implement the program Step 7 Evaluate the program elements and effectiveness Outcome Objectives - Answers • measurable changes in health or nutritional outcome Examples: An increase in knowledge of folate-rich foods sources, a decrease in total blood cholesterol concentration, and increase in serum ferritin or a change in functional status. Process Objectives - Answers • Measurable activities carried out by team members of program. They specify the manner in which the outcome objectives will be achieved. Examples: Each community nutritionist will conduct two nutrition lectures per week over the course of three month program. Choose action words: advise, assess, build, conduct, counsel, demonstrate, develop, instruct Structure Objectives - Answers • measurable activities surrounding budget, staffing, management, resources, coordination Examples: Might read, "On the last day of each month for the next 12 months, each community nutritionist will submit an itemized statement of expenses related to conducting the program. Smart Objectives - Answers • Specific: the action to be taken • Measurable: identify standards used to measure success • Achievable: reflect action that is feasible and realistic • Relevant: considering the mission and goals of the project • Timely: time frame to achieve Examples of SMART Objectives - Answers 1. What exactly are we going to do? Who will be involved? 2. How will we know that the change occurred? 3. Can the objective be achieved in the proposed time frame? 4. Will the data or information collected be relevant to the goals? 5. When will this objective be accomplished? Level I: building awareness (the three different levels of intervention) - Answers • Change attitudes and beliefs, increase knowledge of risk factors, seldom results in behavior change Examples: Health fairs, health screenings, flyers, posters, table, tents, brochures, internet websites, media, health claims on food labels restaurant menu labeling Level II: changing lifestyles (the three different levels of intervention) - Answers Successful with small changes over time, using combination of behavior modification and education Examples: One on one counseling, small group sessions, fitness programs in schools, health promotions for city employees, company incentives for employees to join fitness clubs Level III: creating supportive environment for change (the three different levels of intervention) - Answers • Create environments that support behavior changes made by individuals Examples: Work site cafeteria programs, peer leadership, legislation, school policy to restrict access to candy and soft drinks why program evaluation is necessary ? - Answers Evaluation is the measurable determination of the value or degree of success in achieving specific objectives. The purpose of program evaluation is to gather information for making decisions about redistributing resources, changing program delivery, or continuing program. Program evaluation is necessary to determine whether they are progressing toward their initial goals and whether these goals are still appropriate. Formative evaluation - Answers testing and assessing program elements before implementing Process evaluation - Answers examining program activities and how program is delivered • How individuals were attracted to the program, client participation rates; what to provide, how to provide and for whom Impact evaluation - Answers determining whether and to what extent a program accomplished its goals • Describes the specific effect of activities on the population; any immediate indicators of program success (increased knowledge, attitudes, beliefs) Outcome evaluation - Answers measuring whether program changed overall health status of target population