HPHY 212 MIDTERM 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS.
Scientific evidence - ANS supports or counters a scientific theory or hypothesis, empirical,
collected with the scientific method
Inference - ANS drawing of conclusions about a population based on a sample
Biostatistics - ANS application of stats in biology(concepts and technique)
Scientific method - ANS observations, questions, hypothesis, experimentation, analyze data,
conclusions
Hypothesis - ANS a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further investigation, deals with a narrow set of phenomena
Theory - ANS a system of ideas intended to explain something, not a hypothesis. applies to a
wide range of phenomena
control groups - ANS gives a baseline to compare to
controlled variables - ANS rule out alternative factors
Ulcers - ANS a discontinuity in a bodily membrane
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 1
, peer review - ANS essential to confirming the information is correct and followed the
scientific process
Peer review process - ANS 1. manuscript
2. author submits paper to journal editor
3. paper is sent to 3-5 experts in the field
4. accept/review/reject
5. sent back to author
6. revise, send to another journal, or get accepted
Advantages of peer review - ANS standardized process, can save time, vetted by experts,
blind, hopefully unbiased, level of quality/trust
disadvantages of peer review - ANS bias against findings/researchers, no quantitative
indicators of quality, different standards, process takes time, reviewers are human, doesn't
mean science is correct
Deciding where to publish - ANS research topic, field, discipline, notoriety and prestige of
journal, cost, impact factor, quality of findings
anatomy of a scientific article - ANS title, authors, abstract, introduction, article text,
publication info, figures, charts, graphs, equations, conclusion, article info, references
open access benefits - ANS author's research is available, public libraries have access
levels of analysis from high to low - ANS meta-analysis, systematic review, review,
randomized controlled trial, cohort, case-control, case report, expert opinion
meta-analysis - ANS integrates findings from many published studies, new statistical analysis
using all the data
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS.
Scientific evidence - ANS supports or counters a scientific theory or hypothesis, empirical,
collected with the scientific method
Inference - ANS drawing of conclusions about a population based on a sample
Biostatistics - ANS application of stats in biology(concepts and technique)
Scientific method - ANS observations, questions, hypothesis, experimentation, analyze data,
conclusions
Hypothesis - ANS a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further investigation, deals with a narrow set of phenomena
Theory - ANS a system of ideas intended to explain something, not a hypothesis. applies to a
wide range of phenomena
control groups - ANS gives a baseline to compare to
controlled variables - ANS rule out alternative factors
Ulcers - ANS a discontinuity in a bodily membrane
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 1
, peer review - ANS essential to confirming the information is correct and followed the
scientific process
Peer review process - ANS 1. manuscript
2. author submits paper to journal editor
3. paper is sent to 3-5 experts in the field
4. accept/review/reject
5. sent back to author
6. revise, send to another journal, or get accepted
Advantages of peer review - ANS standardized process, can save time, vetted by experts,
blind, hopefully unbiased, level of quality/trust
disadvantages of peer review - ANS bias against findings/researchers, no quantitative
indicators of quality, different standards, process takes time, reviewers are human, doesn't
mean science is correct
Deciding where to publish - ANS research topic, field, discipline, notoriety and prestige of
journal, cost, impact factor, quality of findings
anatomy of a scientific article - ANS title, authors, abstract, introduction, article text,
publication info, figures, charts, graphs, equations, conclusion, article info, references
open access benefits - ANS author's research is available, public libraries have access
levels of analysis from high to low - ANS meta-analysis, systematic review, review,
randomized controlled trial, cohort, case-control, case report, expert opinion
meta-analysis - ANS integrates findings from many published studies, new statistical analysis
using all the data
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 2
