NSG 5140 Adv Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update
1. Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells
without inflammation. - Correct Answer: Apoptosis
2. Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and
causing infarction. - Correct Answer: Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
3. Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest
impaired renal function. - Correct Answer: Serum creatinine
4. Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to
increase blood volume. - Correct Answer: Aldosterone
5. Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and
cardiac output. - Correct Answer: Hypovolemic shock
,6. Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing
output. - Correct Answer: Frank-Starling law of the heart
7. LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting
atherosclerosis. - Correct Answer: Elevated LDL cholesterol
8. Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation
and respiratory symptoms. - Correct Answer: Pulmonary edema
9. PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines. -
Correct Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
10.MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing
nerve conduction. - Correct Answer: Demyelination of CNS neurons
11.Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, affecting
movement. - Correct Answer: Parkinson's disease
12.Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin, reducing RBC synthesis in the bone
marrow. - Correct Answer: Decreased erythropoietin production
13.COPD causes loss of elastic recoil and obstruction, leading to air retention
and barrel chest. - Correct Answer: Air trapping and hyperinflation
,14.H. pylori disrupts the mucosal barrier and induces inflammation, promoting
ulcer formation. - Correct Answer: Helicobacter pylori infection
15.Hepatitis A spreads via contaminated food/water and typically causes acute,
self-limited illness. - Correct Answer: Hepatitis A
16.Chronic liver damage leads to scarring and nodules, impairing liver function
and circulation. - Correct Answer: Fibrosis and nodular regeneration of
liver tissue
17.Excess cortisol leads to characteristic fat distribution and other systemic
effects. - Correct Answer: Moon face and central obesity
18.ADH deficiency causes large volumes of dilute urine and risk of dehydration.
- Correct Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
19.Elevated T3/T4 and suppressed TSH. - Correct Answer: Grave's disease
lab finding
20.An autoimmune hyperthyroidism; thyroid hormone is high, and feedback
suppresses TSH. - Correct Answer: Grave's disease
21.Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. - Correct Answer: Electrolyte
imbalance in Addison's disease
, 22.Low aldosterone in Addison's leads to sodium loss and potassium retention.
- Correct Answer: Aldosterone in Addison's
23.Massive proteinuria. - Correct Answer: Hallmark of nephrotic syndrome
24.Increased glomerular permeability, leading to protein loss in urine. -
Correct Answer: Nephrotic syndrome features
25.Metabolic alkalosis. - Correct Answer: Acid-base imbalance from
vomiting
26.Loss of gastric acid from vomiting increases bicarbonate concentration. -
Correct Answer: Cause of metabolic alkalosis
27.Calcium oxalate. - Correct Answer: Most common type of renal stone
28.Calcium oxalate stones form due to high calcium and oxalate levels in the
urine. - Correct Answer: Calcium oxalate stones formation
29.Hematuria. - Correct Answer: Characteristic finding of
glomerulonephritis
30.Urinary tract obstruction. - Correct Answer: Cause of post-renal acute
kidney injury
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update
1. Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells
without inflammation. - Correct Answer: Apoptosis
2. Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and
causing infarction. - Correct Answer: Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
3. Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest
impaired renal function. - Correct Answer: Serum creatinine
4. Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to
increase blood volume. - Correct Answer: Aldosterone
5. Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and
cardiac output. - Correct Answer: Hypovolemic shock
,6. Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing
output. - Correct Answer: Frank-Starling law of the heart
7. LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting
atherosclerosis. - Correct Answer: Elevated LDL cholesterol
8. Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation
and respiratory symptoms. - Correct Answer: Pulmonary edema
9. PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines. -
Correct Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
10.MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing
nerve conduction. - Correct Answer: Demyelination of CNS neurons
11.Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, affecting
movement. - Correct Answer: Parkinson's disease
12.Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin, reducing RBC synthesis in the bone
marrow. - Correct Answer: Decreased erythropoietin production
13.COPD causes loss of elastic recoil and obstruction, leading to air retention
and barrel chest. - Correct Answer: Air trapping and hyperinflation
,14.H. pylori disrupts the mucosal barrier and induces inflammation, promoting
ulcer formation. - Correct Answer: Helicobacter pylori infection
15.Hepatitis A spreads via contaminated food/water and typically causes acute,
self-limited illness. - Correct Answer: Hepatitis A
16.Chronic liver damage leads to scarring and nodules, impairing liver function
and circulation. - Correct Answer: Fibrosis and nodular regeneration of
liver tissue
17.Excess cortisol leads to characteristic fat distribution and other systemic
effects. - Correct Answer: Moon face and central obesity
18.ADH deficiency causes large volumes of dilute urine and risk of dehydration.
- Correct Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
19.Elevated T3/T4 and suppressed TSH. - Correct Answer: Grave's disease
lab finding
20.An autoimmune hyperthyroidism; thyroid hormone is high, and feedback
suppresses TSH. - Correct Answer: Grave's disease
21.Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. - Correct Answer: Electrolyte
imbalance in Addison's disease
, 22.Low aldosterone in Addison's leads to sodium loss and potassium retention.
- Correct Answer: Aldosterone in Addison's
23.Massive proteinuria. - Correct Answer: Hallmark of nephrotic syndrome
24.Increased glomerular permeability, leading to protein loss in urine. -
Correct Answer: Nephrotic syndrome features
25.Metabolic alkalosis. - Correct Answer: Acid-base imbalance from
vomiting
26.Loss of gastric acid from vomiting increases bicarbonate concentration. -
Correct Answer: Cause of metabolic alkalosis
27.Calcium oxalate. - Correct Answer: Most common type of renal stone
28.Calcium oxalate stones form due to high calcium and oxalate levels in the
urine. - Correct Answer: Calcium oxalate stones formation
29.Hematuria. - Correct Answer: Characteristic finding of
glomerulonephritis
30.Urinary tract obstruction. - Correct Answer: Cause of post-renal acute
kidney injury
