SAS 13 MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - ANS -Known as the Father or Microbiology (first microbiologist)
-'animalcules' now known as microorganisms
Francis Collins - ANS -Genetic and or infectious disease?
-Discovery if disease genes and leadership in the Human Genome Project.
-Director of the National Institutes of Health
Johana Westerdijk - ANS - Dutch Elm Disease by bacterium vectored by beetles
- Dutch Plant pathologist who discovered it
Christiaan Eijkman - ANS Beriberi
Hypothesis: Beriberi is caused by a bacterium.
Experiment: Infected half of the chicken population with the bacterium, left the other half.
Result: All chickens got sick, then they all got better
Conclusions: The chef had changed the diet from cooked polished rice, to uncooked unpolished
rice
New Hypothesis: Diet plays a role in beriberi
Conclusions:
1) polished (white) rice is toxic, unpolished (brown) rice is not
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 1
,2) The rice bran contains a substance that counteracts the toxic effect
-Anti Beriberi Factor: Thiamin (vitamin B1)
Tu Youyou - ANS Discovered anti-malarial drug in a group of Chinese scientist and won the
Nobel prize for it
Rachel Carson - ANS Advancing the global environmental movement
Animalcules - ANS microorganisms
Factor V Leiden - ANS -A variant of the protein Factor V which is needed for blood clotting
(coagulation)
-Named after the city of Leiden (The Netherlands), where it was first identified in 1994
-People with this have blood that has an increased tendency to clot
-Most common cause of hereditary thrombophilia in the US
the 'Dutch disease' - ANS -1960s discovery of large natural gas deposits in the North Sea
-Exports caused increase in wealth from foreign currency inflow
-Dutch guilder (currency) became stronger
-Exports of all non-gas products less competitive on the world market
-aka as the 'resource curse' or 'paradox of plenty'
disease as a metaphor - ANS Something that is broken or in poor condition, such as an
unhealthy marriage, a sick society, an ailing business
Disease-inspired cursing in Dutch - ANS - campaign to ban 'cancer' as a curse word
- Hope you have the plauge(usually not relevant and current diseases)
Disease taxonomy - ANS A classification scheme for diseases
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 2
, World Health Organization, - ANS -Named COVID
-Created ICD
International Classification of Diseases (ICD) - ANS ICD-10: Standard diagnostic tool for
classifying diseases and monitoring the prevalence and incidence of diseases and other health
problems
ICD-Clinical Modification - ANS Modified version (ICD-10-CM) to facilitate communication;
just like police codes
Ex.
1) K71.51=Toxic liver disease with chronic active hepatitis with ascites
2) T39.011-Poisoning by aspirin, accidental
ICD Codes - ANS ICD-10-CM:
-Mortality statistics-most US death certificates filed since 1977 list an ICD code
-Public health/morbidity data-used by governmnet health authorities to track certain diseases
to understand how they spread, where they are prevalent, and to budget programs or research
to work on prevention
-Billing purposes-electronic medical records
Mortality - ANS How many people have died from a disease
Morbidity - ANS How many people have a disease
The prevalence- All Cases
incidence- New cases over a certain time period
Excess Death - ANS the difference between the observed numbers of deaths in specific time
periods and expected numbers of deaths in the same time periods
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 3
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - ANS -Known as the Father or Microbiology (first microbiologist)
-'animalcules' now known as microorganisms
Francis Collins - ANS -Genetic and or infectious disease?
-Discovery if disease genes and leadership in the Human Genome Project.
-Director of the National Institutes of Health
Johana Westerdijk - ANS - Dutch Elm Disease by bacterium vectored by beetles
- Dutch Plant pathologist who discovered it
Christiaan Eijkman - ANS Beriberi
Hypothesis: Beriberi is caused by a bacterium.
Experiment: Infected half of the chicken population with the bacterium, left the other half.
Result: All chickens got sick, then they all got better
Conclusions: The chef had changed the diet from cooked polished rice, to uncooked unpolished
rice
New Hypothesis: Diet plays a role in beriberi
Conclusions:
1) polished (white) rice is toxic, unpolished (brown) rice is not
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 1
,2) The rice bran contains a substance that counteracts the toxic effect
-Anti Beriberi Factor: Thiamin (vitamin B1)
Tu Youyou - ANS Discovered anti-malarial drug in a group of Chinese scientist and won the
Nobel prize for it
Rachel Carson - ANS Advancing the global environmental movement
Animalcules - ANS microorganisms
Factor V Leiden - ANS -A variant of the protein Factor V which is needed for blood clotting
(coagulation)
-Named after the city of Leiden (The Netherlands), where it was first identified in 1994
-People with this have blood that has an increased tendency to clot
-Most common cause of hereditary thrombophilia in the US
the 'Dutch disease' - ANS -1960s discovery of large natural gas deposits in the North Sea
-Exports caused increase in wealth from foreign currency inflow
-Dutch guilder (currency) became stronger
-Exports of all non-gas products less competitive on the world market
-aka as the 'resource curse' or 'paradox of plenty'
disease as a metaphor - ANS Something that is broken or in poor condition, such as an
unhealthy marriage, a sick society, an ailing business
Disease-inspired cursing in Dutch - ANS - campaign to ban 'cancer' as a curse word
- Hope you have the plauge(usually not relevant and current diseases)
Disease taxonomy - ANS A classification scheme for diseases
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 2
, World Health Organization, - ANS -Named COVID
-Created ICD
International Classification of Diseases (ICD) - ANS ICD-10: Standard diagnostic tool for
classifying diseases and monitoring the prevalence and incidence of diseases and other health
problems
ICD-Clinical Modification - ANS Modified version (ICD-10-CM) to facilitate communication;
just like police codes
Ex.
1) K71.51=Toxic liver disease with chronic active hepatitis with ascites
2) T39.011-Poisoning by aspirin, accidental
ICD Codes - ANS ICD-10-CM:
-Mortality statistics-most US death certificates filed since 1977 list an ICD code
-Public health/morbidity data-used by governmnet health authorities to track certain diseases
to understand how they spread, where they are prevalent, and to budget programs or research
to work on prevention
-Billing purposes-electronic medical records
Mortality - ANS How many people have died from a disease
Morbidity - ANS How many people have a disease
The prevalence- All Cases
incidence- New cases over a certain time period
Excess Death - ANS the difference between the observed numbers of deaths in specific time
periods and expected numbers of deaths in the same time periods
2026 STUDY MATERIAL @COPYRIGHT RESERVED 3
