PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS
does this class suck? - (answer)yes
anatomy - (answer)structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - (answer)thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - (answer)what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy - (answer)requires magnification
cytology - (answer)study of cells
histology - (answer)study of tissue
physiology - (answer)function
the structure of capillary walls, - (answer)promotes nutrient and waste exchange
inferior-superior - (answer)below- above
rostral- caudal - (answer)front- back
anterior - posterior - (answer)front- back
ventral- dorsal - (answer)front-back
,PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS
medial -lateral - (answer)towards middle- away from middle
proximal- distal - (answer)nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of
attachment
superficial -deep - (answer)toward and away from the body surface
coronal - (answer)divides into front and back
transverse - (answer)divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - (answer)divides into left and right
homeostasis - (answer)the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment even
though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - (answer)monitor the internal environment and correct as needed
cellular level - (answer)local control
organ and organism - (answer)reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - (answer)input (input signal)->controller (integrating center)->
output (output signal)
the integrators - (answer)control centers
,PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS
integrators - (answer)possess a set point
set points - (answer)can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization regulates
environmental temperature
full response loop - (answer)stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output ->target ->
response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - (answer)antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - (answer)increase heart rate
parasympathetic nerves - (answer)decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - (answer)2 primary hormones
insulin - (answer)lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - (answer)raises blood glucose levels
feedback - (answer)process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order
to regulate its further output
open loop control system - (answer)control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - (answer)control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
, PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS
negative feedback loops - (answer)A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning
to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT OFF
ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - (answer)body temp rises ->body sweats more ->body temp drops
most common type of feedback loop? - (answer)negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - (answer)yes
positive feedback loop - (answer)Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
example of positive feedback - (answer)lactation, childbirth, orgasm
produce more instability in the body
does positive feedback self terminate? - (answer)not really
is blood clotting positive feedback? - (answer)yes
plasma membrane structure - (answer)hydrophilic head group
SOLUTIONS
does this class suck? - (answer)yes
anatomy - (answer)structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - (answer)thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - (answer)what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy - (answer)requires magnification
cytology - (answer)study of cells
histology - (answer)study of tissue
physiology - (answer)function
the structure of capillary walls, - (answer)promotes nutrient and waste exchange
inferior-superior - (answer)below- above
rostral- caudal - (answer)front- back
anterior - posterior - (answer)front- back
ventral- dorsal - (answer)front-back
,PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS
medial -lateral - (answer)towards middle- away from middle
proximal- distal - (answer)nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of
attachment
superficial -deep - (answer)toward and away from the body surface
coronal - (answer)divides into front and back
transverse - (answer)divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - (answer)divides into left and right
homeostasis - (answer)the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment even
though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - (answer)monitor the internal environment and correct as needed
cellular level - (answer)local control
organ and organism - (answer)reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - (answer)input (input signal)->controller (integrating center)->
output (output signal)
the integrators - (answer)control centers
,PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS
integrators - (answer)possess a set point
set points - (answer)can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization regulates
environmental temperature
full response loop - (answer)stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output ->target ->
response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - (answer)antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - (answer)increase heart rate
parasympathetic nerves - (answer)decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - (answer)2 primary hormones
insulin - (answer)lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - (answer)raises blood glucose levels
feedback - (answer)process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order
to regulate its further output
open loop control system - (answer)control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - (answer)control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
, PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS
negative feedback loops - (answer)A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning
to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT OFF
ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - (answer)body temp rises ->body sweats more ->body temp drops
most common type of feedback loop? - (answer)negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - (answer)yes
positive feedback loop - (answer)Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
example of positive feedback - (answer)lactation, childbirth, orgasm
produce more instability in the body
does positive feedback self terminate? - (answer)not really
is blood clotting positive feedback? - (answer)yes
plasma membrane structure - (answer)hydrophilic head group
