PTAP 1350 - EXAM 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PTAP 1350 - EXAM 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Blood flow through the heart: - Answers Right atrium----tricuspid valve----right ventricle---pulmonary artery---lungs----pulmonary vein---left atrium----mitral (bicuspid valve)----left ventricle---aorta---arteries---arterioles----capillaries---venuoles----veins, vena cava Main components of CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM - Answers SA node AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers SA node (sinoatrial node) function? - Answers aka Anatomical Pacemaker - Starts thesequence by causing atrial muscles to contract Where does the SA node signal travel through? - Answers AV node - Bundle of His - down bundle branches - through Purkinje fibers (causes Ventricles to contract) Arteriosclerosis - Answers THICKening and LOSS of Elasticity of the arterial walls Atherosclerosis is a major cause of? - Answers CAD- coronary artery disease When can Atherosclerosis appear? - Answers When the artery is about 75% OCCLUDED. Atheriosclerosis- MODIFIABLE causes - Answers - Cigarette/tobacco smoking - HBP - High blood cholesterol levels Atherosclerosis- NON-Modifiable causes - Answers - Heredity - Male sex - Increased Age Ways to treat CAD? - Answers Surgery PTCA CABG Surgery for CAD is done why? - Answers If conservative medical management fails PTCA is? - Answers Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty CABG is? - Answers Coronary Artery Bypass Graft - A procedure to bypass a blocked section of a coronary artery and to deliver oxygen to heart. - Involves Coronary Stents ACS is? - Answers Acute Coronary Syndrome How does ACS begin? - Answers When a thrombus occludes a vessel. During ACS, the SNS does what? - Answers In an attempt to support vital functions, the Sympathetic Nervous System responds by increasing myocardial demand such as INCREASED HR, BP, and AFTERLOAD Symptoms of ACS? - Answers - Angina - MI Angina Pectoris is described as? - Answers - Chest pain, Left-Sided chest pain. - Pain may radiate down left arm, upper back, upper abdomen area, and jaw How many types of Angina Pectoris? - Answers 3: Stable, Unstable, and Variant Stable Angina Pectoris is? - Answers Triggered by emotional stress, cold temps, and physical exertion Unstable Angina Pectoris is? - Answers signals a heart attack, is unpredictable, lasts longer than 15 mins, and does not go away with rest Variant Angina Pectoris is? - Answers Spasms of coronary artery, common in the morning and in women under 50 yrs old. How to treat Angina Pectoris? - Answers Sublingual Nitroglycerin Tablet Myocardial Infarction - Answers aka, MI, aka, Heart Attack - Development of ischemia with resultant NECROSIS of myocardial TISSUE Cardiac Arrest - Answers Sudden and complete cessation of the heartbeat What can cause Cardiac Arrest? - Answers Severe Arrhythmias caused by underlying heart disease: - Ventricular Tachycardia - Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib) CHF (congestive heart failure) - Answers Inability of the heart to pump blood to meet the body's demands What happens with CHF if the LEFT SIDE fails first? - Answers Blood backs up in the LUNGS causing PULMONARY CONGESTION and EDEMA What happens with CHF if the RIGHT SIDE fails first? - Answers Blood backs up and CONGESTS the LIVER, GI TRACT, and LIMBS causing BLOATING and EDEMA of LE and dependent Edema Cardiomyopathy - Answers Umbrella term for DISEASE of MYOCARDIUM - Electrical or Mechanical S & Sx of Cardiomyopathy? - Answers Similar to CHF: - SOB - Fatigue - Dizziness - Tachycardia - Palpitations - Occasional Chest Pain - LE Edema - Bloating - DECREASED Ejection Fraction Types of Arrhythmias: - Answers - Bradycardia - Tachycardia - Atrial Fibrillation - Ventricular Fibrillation Bradycardia - Answers SLOW heart rate, less than 60 BPM Tachycardia - Answers FAST heart rate, over 100 BPM Atrial Fibrillation - Answers UNEVEN, very fast heart rate originating in the atria Ventricular Fibrillation - Answers RAPID and IRREGULAR heartbeat originating in the ventricle: can CAUSE Cardiac Arrest Valve Diseases: - Answers - Stenosis - Insufficiency or Regurgitation - Prolapse Stenosis valve disease - Answers Narrowing of constriction prevents full valve opening Insufficiency or Regurgitation valve disease - Answers Valve does not close properly Prolapse valve disease - Answers Valve bulges back into the atrium PVD (peripheral vascular disease) - Answers Atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries S & Sx of PVD? - Answers - HTN - Ischemia of Intestines and GI Sx - Intermittent CLAUDICATION