PTAP 1350 - MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PTAP 1350 - MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Cerbrovascular Accident (CVA) - Answers Stroke; sudden disruption in cerebral blood flow causing death of brain tissue to irreversible brain damage How long do the symptoms last for CVA? - Answers More than 24 hours CVA is more common in which gender? - Answers men Etiology of CVA - Answers Smoking, hemorrhagic CVA, Ischemic CVA Hemorrhagic CVA - Answers Stroke caused by blood vessel rupture Ischemic CVA - Answers Stroke caused by sudden blockage of a blood vessel in brain Types of CVA - Answers Thrombotic (blood clot), embolism (blood clot travels to brain), cerebral (break in blood vessel) S&Sx of CVA - what does it reflect? - Answers Reflects portion of brain affected S & Sx of CVA - Answers Severe headaches, seizure, personality change, visual disturbance, unequal pupils, difficulty communicating, sudden weakness, tingling, numbness, burning Hemiplegia - Answers paralysis on one side If a CVA occurs on the right side of the brain, what is affected? - Answers The left side of the body is affected if CVA occurs on left side of the brain, what is affected? - Answers The right side of the body is affected FAST - Answers Face (uneven), Arm (weak), Speech (impaired), Time to call 911 Medication for ischemic CVA - Answers Anticoagulants Treatment for hemorrhagic CVA - Answers Control HTN and brain bleeds Treatments for CVA - Answers Reduce HTN and blood cholesterol, anticoagulants or antiplatelet treatment Long term medical treatment for CVA - Answers Quit smoking, reduce alcohol, decrease weight, low dosage aspirin, surgery S & Sx of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Answers Loss of consciousness, seizures, coma, death, headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomit Glasgow coma scale - Answers eye opening, verbal response, motor response Multiple sclerosis (MS) - Answers Autoimmune disorder causing CNS demyelination. MS is more common for which gender? - Answers Female (2:1) MS exacerbation comes from - Answers Stress, heat, fatigue, infection Parkinson's disease - Answers Progressive, degenerative neurological disorder What does Parkinson's disease regulate? - Answers Regulates voluntary movements, emotions, mood, motivation Treatment for Parkinson's disease - Answers Incurable; prescribed meds to slow development of dopamine, deep brain stimulation, speech therapy, OT S & Sx of Huntington's disease - Answers Chorea, dystopia, myoclonus, movement tics, Parkinson movements Chorea - Answers Involuntary, purposeless, rapid motions of arm and face Dystonia - Answers increased involuntary muscle contraction with rotation Myoclonus - Answers Involuntary twitching and spasms Movement tics - Answers Brief muscular spasms on the face Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - Answers degenerative disorder of motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also known as - Answers Lou Gehrig's disease ALS leads to - Answers Leads to general paralysis and immobility; progresses rapidly w/ death usually in 3-10 years What isn't affected with ALS? - Answers Intelligence and sensation S & Sx of ALS - Answers Starts w/ weakness and atrophy of hands, forearms, legs, and then spread to rest of body. Severe fatigue, paralysis, difficulty w/ speech chewing, swallowing, breathing Corticosteroids - Answers anti-inflammatory agents that treat skin inflammation Adverse reactions of corticosteroids - Answers Insomnia, Na & H2) retention, impaired wound healing, hyperlipidemia, cushingoid Chronic pain conditions - Answers Arthritis, neck and back pain, neuralgia, peripheral neuropathies, causalgia (burning: peripheral nerve), hyperesthesia, MPS, fibromyalgia syndrome, phantom limb pain, cancer, post op pain, spinal stenosis 5 axis systems for categorizing chronic pain - Answers Anatomic region, organ system, temporal pain, intensity and time since onset, etiologic factors Incidence for chronic pain disorders - Answers 10-15% of adults in US have a form of work disability for back pain. 80% of all adults will experience back pain Etiology of Chronic Pain Disorders - Answers Can be psychologically based, result of a general medical condition, chronic post op pain S & Sx of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) - Answers Numbness/tingling in feet and hands, impairment w/ vision, speech, and breathing, absent DTR, high level proteins in cerebrospinal fluid Peripheral Neuropathy - Answers Disease of peripheral nerves; affecting motor, sensory, autonomic systems Peripheral neuropathy is more common in what population? - Answers Older adults Myasthenia gravis - Answers autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness of skeletal muscles Etiology of myasthenia gravis - Answers Unknown; high incidence in individuals w/ thyroid disorders TOS - Answers Thoracic outlet syndrome What is TOS? - Answers Chronic compression of spinal roots, proximal plexus and arteries, also b/w clavicle and first rib TOS results in - Answers Edema and ischemia in the nerves Etiology of complex regional pain syndrome - Answers unknown; sympathetic nervous system can play a role Complex regional pain syndrome - Answers a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome S & Sx of complex regional pain syndrome - Answers Pain begins in portion of limb (can spread to entire limb), changes in color and temperature, intense burning, skin sensitivity, sweating, swelling Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - Answers chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body S & Sx of RA - Answers Weight loss, fatigue, diffuse MS pain, weakness RA involvement of joints - Answers Edematous, warm, painful RA involvement of soft tissue - Answers Synovitis, bursitis, tendinitis, neuritis RA involvement of spine - Answers Early involvement of cervical spine Pathology of RA - Answers Body believes synovial tissue to be foreign and attacks it RA causes - Answers Causes inflammation and joint effusion. Enzymes cause breakdown of joint tissue What are the known hand deformities - Answers Swan neck, boutonnière Medical management for hand deformities - Answers Early treatment is vital to long term outcomes Treatment goals for hand deformities - Answers Reduce pain, maintain mobility, minimize edema, stiffness and joint destruction Pharmacotherapy for hand deformities - Answers Analgesics, NSAIDs (long term), corticosteroids, anti rheumatic drugs, biological response modifiers