PTAP 1400 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PTAP 1400 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 what is the origin for most wrist flexors? - Answers The medial epicondyle of the humerus What is medial epicondylitis and how does it occur? - Answers Also known as golfer's elbow it occurs from repetitive use of the wrist flexors causing irritation. What is lateral epicondylitis and how does it occur? - Answers Also known as tennis elbow, it is caused by repetitive use of the wrist extensors. What is the "anatomical" name of the elbow? (hint: genu, coxa, etc.) - Answers Cubital What is the normal carrying angle of the elbow? - Answers 10-15 degrees How can cubital valgus contribute to ulnar nerve problems? - Answers excessive cubital valgus can irritate the nerve by pressing on it. what movements does the radial collateral ligament prevent? - Answers it prevents excessive varum of the elbow What movements does the ulnar collateral ligament prevent? - Answers It prevents excessive valgum of the elbow What ligament is repaired when someone undergoes tommy john surgery? - Answers They repair the ulnar collateral ligament. What is pulled elbow syndrome? - Answers Occurs when the radial head is traumatically pulled out of its "home" within the annular ligament. When the forearm is pronated which bone spins around and which bone stays still? - Answers The radius rotates around the ulna What is unique about the radioulnar joint? - Answers The head of the radius spins during pronation and supination within the annular ligament What is open packed position of the humeral ulnar joint? - Answers 70 degrees flexion, 35 degrees supination What is closed pack position of the humeral ulnar joint? - Answers full extension and full supination What is open pack position of the humeral radial joint? - Answers Full extension and 5 degrees supination What is closed pack position of the humeral radial joint? - Answers 90 degrees flexion What is normal elbow extension and flexion? (AAOS) - Answers flexion is 150, extension is 0 What is normal supination and pronation? - Answers 80 degrees for both supination and pronation What are the 8 carpal bones of the wrist? - Answers I like to use the pneumonic of "So Long The Pinky Here Comes The Thumb" - Scaphoid - Lunate - Triquetrum - pisiform (scaphoid to pisiform is the proximal row starting on the radial side going towards the ulnar side) - Hamate - Capitiate - Trapezoid - Trapezium (Hamate to trapezium is the distal row starting on the ulnar side going towards the pinky) What is a Colles fracture? What is a Smith's fracture? - Answers A Colles fracture is a fracture at the distal end of the radius caused by falling on an outstretched hand while its in extension. A smith's fracture is caused by flexion fracture of the distal radius. What kind of joint is the radial carpal joint? - Answers It is a condyloid joint What is the open pack position for the radial-carpal, carpal-metacarpal, metacarpal-phalangeal, and inter-phalangeal joints? - Answers RC - neutral with ulnar deviation CMC - slight flexion MCP - slight flexion IP - slight flexion What is the closed pack position for the radial-carpal, carpal-metacarpal, metacarpal-phalangeal, and inter-phalangeal joints? - Answers RC - full extension and radial deviation MCP - full flexion IP - full extension What is carpal tunnel syndrome? - Answers Compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel formed by the carpal bones of the wrist. Is grip strength stronger with wrist extension or wrist flexion? - Answers It is stronger with wrist extension because the two joint finger flexors are put into active insufficiency with wrist flexion. What is the tenodesis effect? - Answers Patients with paralysis in the finger flexors can extend the wrist causing the fingers to passively flex. What do you not stretch with patients that have to use the tenodesis effect? - Answers Finger flexors because they are already paralyzed and weak If the radial nerve is damaged what motion of the wrist will that affect? - Answers Wrist extension What muscles of the hand are share the ulnar and median nerve? - Answers lumbricals and flexor digitorum profundus. finger 4 and 5 are ulnar, 2 and 3 are median nerve. What are the muscles of the thenar eminence? - Answers flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis What are the muscles of the hypothenar eminence? - Answers abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi Where does the ulnar nerve pass that can cause entrapment? - Answers Cubital tunnel and Guyon's canal What does damage to the ulnar nerve result in? - Answers Claw hand deformity What is ulnar drift? - Answers results in ulnar deviation of the fingers at the MCP joint due to severe rheumatoid arthritis What is normal wrist flexion and extension? (AAOS) - Answers Flexion - 80 Extension - 70 What is normal radial and ulnar deviation? (AAOS) - Answers Ulnar deviation - 30 Radial deviation - 20 What nerve innervated the diaphragm? - Answers Phrenic nerve C3-5 When relaxed what is the shape of the diaphragm? what is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted? - Answers When relaxed the diaphragm is dome shaped, when contracted it flattens out. How many true ribs are there? - Answers 1-7 How does kyphosis and scoliosis affect a person's breathing and blood circulation? - Answers poor posture can cause crowding of the heart and lungs resulting in decreased chest expansion and excursion. How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are there? - Answers Cervical C1-C7 Thoracic T1-T12 Lumbar L1-L5 Sacrum S1-S5 Where does the plumb line lie when crossing the S2 vertebra? - Answers The plumb line lies anterior to S2 What is unique about the cervical spine? - Answers It is the smallest spinal vertebrae, shortest spinous process What is unique about the thoracic vertebrae? - Answers The thoracic vertebrae are the only ones that have costal facets, more lateral flexion occurs in this section of the spine. What is unique about the lumbar spine? - Answers The lumbar spine have the largest vertebral body, facets are in the sagittal plane so more flexion and extension happens here.