PTAP 1400 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PTAP 1400 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Primary supinators - Answers -biceps brachii -supinator Secondary supinators - Answers -extensor pollicis longus -extensor indicis -brachioradialis (assist) Primary pronators - Answers -pronator teres -pronator quadratus Secondary pronators - Answers -flexor carpi radialis -palmaris longus -brachioradialis (assist) What is the annular ligament, what does it do? - Answers -wraps around radial head -allows spin What is the capitulum? - Answers -the lateral smooth condyle of the humerus, articulates with the radius What is the trochlea? - Answers pulleylike smooth condyle of the humerus, articulates with the ulna What is the radial notch? - Answers -ulna articulates with the radius What is the interosseous membrane? - Answers -where the radius and ulna attached along their shafts by this ligament -helps stabilize joints -distributed forces to radius and ulna -divided the forearm into anterior and posterior What is the carrying angle? - Answers -the angle formed between the humerus and the forearm -10-15 degrees What can a carrying angle greater than 15 degree cause? - Answers -can contribute to ulnar nerve problems at the elbow What is cubitus valgus? - Answers -increased carrying angle 15 What is cubitus varus? - Answers -less than normal carrying angle What are the three ligaments of the humeroulnar joint? - Answers -annular ligament -ulnar collateral -radial collateral Another name for ulnar collateral ligament - Answers -medial collateral ligament Another name for radial collateral ligament - Answers -lateral collateral ligament Excessive valgus puts strain on what ligament? - Answers -ulnar collateral/medial collateral Excessive varus puts strain on what ligament? - Answers -radial collateral/lateral collateral Varus Stress Test (Elbow) - Answers Tests for: Radial/Lateral collateral ligament strain - + test indicates excessive movement -pain indicated tear or partial tear Valgus Stress Test (Elbow) - Answers Tests for: Ulnar/Medial collateral ligament strain - + test indicates excessive movement -pain indicated tear or partial tear What is Tommy John's surgery? - Answers -surgery to repair MCL ligament Osteolinematcs of elbow - Answers -150 degrees flexion -5 degrees extension -firm end feel What joint(s) do supination and pronation occur at? - Answers -radial-ulnar joint Open pack position of humeroulnar joint - Answers -70 degrees flexion, 10 degrees supination Closed pack position of humeroulnar joint - Answers -full extension and supination Open pack position of humeroradial joint - Answers -full extension and 5 degree supination Closed pack position of humeroradial joint - Answers -90 degrees flexion, 5 degrees supination Which is moving/stationary during supination/pronation - Answers -the radius crosses over in pronation, -the ulna remains stationary What muscles attach to the medial epicondyle, and which are involved in medial epicondylitis? - Answers -medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow) -the wrist flexor muscles attach to the common flexor tendon -at the medial epicondyle of the humerus What are the wrist flexor muscles? - Answers Primary: -flexor carpi radialis -flexor carpi ulnaris -palmaris longus Which muscles attach to the lateral epicondyle and, and which are involved in lateral epicondylitis? - Answers -lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) -the wrist extensor muscles attach to the common extensor tendon - at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus What are the wrist extensor muscles? - Answers Primary: -extensor carpi radialis longus -extensor carpi radialis brevis -extensor carpi ulnaris What are the proximal carpal bones? - Answers -scaphoid -lunate -triquetrum -pisiform What are the distal carpal bones? - Answers -trapezium -trapezoid -capitate -hamate What carpals articulate with the metacarpals? - Answers -trapezium (1st) -trapezoid (2nd) -capitate (3rd) -hamate (4th & 5th) What are the carpals that articulate with the radius? - Answers -scaphoid -lunate What carpal articulates with the pisiform? - Answers -triquetrum which wrist joint takes most of the force at the wrist? - Answers -approx. 80% of the force that crosses the wrist passes between the scaphoid, the lunate, and then to the distal end of the radius What is the name of a fracture at the distal radius? - Answers -Colles fracture -Smiths fracture Where is the most common fracture site? - Answers -scaphoid What 3 tendons make up the anatomical "snuffbox"? - Answers -extensor pollicis longus -extensor pollicis brevis -abductor pollicis longus Why is the anatomical "snuffbox" clinically important? - Answers -tenderness in snuffbox indicate a scaphoid fracture -radial pulse can be palpated here What structures run through anatomical "snuffbox"? - Answers -radial artery -radial nerve -cephalic vein What restricts radial deviation? - Answers -ulnar collateral ligament What restricts ulnar deviation? - Answers -radial collateral ligament Which wrist joint is responsible for most ROM of the wrist? - Answers -radiocarpal joint What is Guyon's canal? - Answers -a tunnel/channel formed by the pisiform and hook of the hamate -contains ulnar artery and nerve What are signs and symptoms of compression of Guyon's tunnel? - Answers -numbness, tingling -weakness in the ring and little finger -along with potential hand clumsiness and difficulty with fine motor tasks What nerve may be entrapped in Guyon's tunnel? - Answers -ulnar nerve What are jobs that are susceptible to compression of ulnar nerve (Guyon's tunnel) - Answers -jobs with compression and vibrations What is the carpal tunnel? - Answers -space between carpal bones (posteriorly) -and the transverse carpal ligament (anteriorly) What nerve may be entrapped in the carpal tunnel? - Answers -median nerve What are signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome? - Answers -swelling of membranes caused by pressure on the median nerve -characterized by pain and paresthesia (tingling), or both What is an extreme case of carpal tunnel syndrome? - Answers -muscular weakness -atrophy What 3 nerves innervate the hand? - Answers -median -ulnar -radial What does the radial nerve innervate? - Answers -all muscles in the back of the arm and forearm -comes off supracondylar ridge innervation all muscles coming off that location What would we see in an injury to the radial nerve? - Answers -wrist drop -lumbricals will allow a little extension of hand and fingers What does the median nerve innervate? - Answers -supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the anterior forearm -except flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar 1/2 of FDP What do we see with an injury to the ulnar nerve? - Answers -"claw hand" deformity -MCP extension with fixation of IP joints -flexion of MCP, DIP, PIP not working What is "swan neck"? - Answers -hyperextension of PIP joints and flexion of DIP joints What is boutonniere deformity? - Answers -flexion of PIP -hyperextension of DIP What is ulnar drift? - Answers -results in ulnar deviation of the fingers at the MCP joint What part of the hand is innervated by the median nerve? - Answers Palmar side: lateral (radial) half of the palm, palmar surface of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the lateral ring finger Dorsal side: dorsal tips of the thumb, index, middle and lateral half of the ring finger What part of the hand is innervated by the ulnar nerve? - Answers Palmar side: medial (ulnar) half of the palm, palmar surface of the little finger (5th digit), and medial half of the ring finger (4th digit) Dorsal side: medial (ulnar) half of the dorsal of the hand, dorsal surface of the little finger (5th digit) and medial half of the ring finger (4th digit) What part of the hand is innervated by the radial nerve? - Answers Dorsal side only: -lateral (radial) half of the dorsum of the hand (excluding fingertips) -dorsal surface of the thumb (excluding the tip) -dorsal surface of the proximal portion of the index -middle, and lateral half of the ring finger (up to the DIP joints) What are the thenar muscles (OAF)? - Answers -abductor pollicis brevis -flexor pollicis brevis -opponens pollicis What innervates the thenar (thumb side) muscles? - Answers -median nerve What are the hypothenar muscles (OAF)? - Answers -abductor digiti minimi -flexor digiti minimi -opponens digiti minimi What innervates the hypothenar muscles? - Answers -ulnar nerve What is the action of adductor pollicis, and what is it innervated by? - Answers A: thumb adduction N: deep ulnar nerve What is the action of the lumbricals, and what innervates it? - Answers A: flex the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and extend the interphalangeal (IP) joints of the fingers (make and L) N: lateral two (1st and 2nd) lumbricals (digits 2-3) median nerve medial two (3rd and 4th) lumbricals (digits 4-5) ulnar nerve What is the action of the palmar interossei and what innervates it? - Answers A: (PAD) aDducts the fingers (2,4,5) N: ulnar nerve What is the action of the dorsal interossei and what innervates is? - Answers A: (DAB) aBducts the fingers (2,3,4) N: ulnar nerve Anatomical landmarks for wrist flexion/extension - Answers -Normal degrees: flexion(80) ext.(70) -Proximal (stationary) arm: aligned with shaft of ulna -Distal (moving) arm: aligned with 5th metacarpal -Fulcrum: aligned with triquetrum Anatomical landmarks for wrist radial/ulnar deviation - Answers -Normal degrees: RD(20) UD(30) -Proximal(stationary) arm: aligned with midline of forearm -Elbow flexion is 90 degrees -Forearm in pronation -Distal arm is aligned with the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal/phalange What muscles flex the DIP joints of digits 2-5? - Answers -flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) primary DIP flexor -also assists with PIP, MCP and wrist flexion What muscles flex the PIP joints of digits 2-5? - Answers -flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) primary PIP flexor -assists with MCP and wrist flexion What muscles flex the MCP joints? - Answers -lumbricals (digits 2-5): MCP flexion, PIP/DIP extension -FDS & FDP: assist MCP flexion -interossei: MCP flexion and abd/add -flexor pollicis brevis: MCP flexion of thumb What muscles extend the DIP and PIP joints of digits 2-5? - Answers -lumbricals: PIP/DIP extension via extensor hood -dorsal and palmar interossei: assist PIP/DIP extension -extensor digitorum (ED): PIP/DIP extension through extensor hood -extensor indicis (EI): index finger -extensor digitorum minimi (EDM): 5th digit What is the primary muscle that flexes the DIP joints? - Answers Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) Which muscles are considered secondary wrist flexors? - Answers -flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) -flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) -flexor pollicis longus (FPD) Which muscles are the primary wrist extensors? - Answers -extensor carpi radialis longus (ECLR) -extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) -extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) Which position allows for greatest grip strength? - Answers - 20-30 degree wrist extension + slight ulnar deviation = max grip strength - balances muscles length, tendon tension, and joint mechanics for peak performance What is tenodesis grip? - Answers -passive grasp mechanism where wrist extension causes finger flexion -allows individuals with spinal cord injuries (C6-C7) to grip objects without active finger flexion What is passive insufficiency of finger flexors? - Answers -when wrist is actively extended, the FDP and FDS. Become passive stretched, causing fingers to curl inward -converse when wrist is flexed, these tendons slacken, and the fingers naturally extend What happens is you overstretch the finger flexors (FDP & FDS)? - Answers -stretching these muscles (especially at the wrist and finger joints) reduces the passive tension needed for effective tenodesis grip -we want finger flexors to remain slightly tight (mild contracture) to maximize passive finger flexion during wrist extension What are the 3 types of ribs based on their articulation with the sternum? - Answers 1. Vertebrosternal ribs (true ribs): 7 pairs (ribs 1-7). Attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage 2. Vertebrochondral Ribs (false ribs): 3 pairs (ribs 8-10). Attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage 3. Vertebral ribs (floating ribs): 2 pairs (ribs 8-12). Do not attach to the sternum Which ribs are considered true ribs? Why? - Answers -ribs 1-7 -attach directly to the sternum via their own costal cartilage Which ribs are considered false ribs? Why? - Answers -ribs 8-10 -attach indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of the rib above Which ribs are considered floating ribs? Why? - Answers -ribs 11-12 - DO NOT articulate with the sternum -only attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae What is the costovertebral joint? - Answers Posterior joint, rib articulates with: -the vertebral body -the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra