SPH 200 UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
acute health outcome - Answers sudden change in health status
Difficulty of small sample size - Answers difficult to know if we are measuring the right thing
Confounding variables - Answers factors associated with exposure that independently lead to
affecting the risk of disease or health outcome
Sample size error - Answers an error related to chance, due to small sample size
Selection bias - Answers often in case controlled studies -- very satisfied or dissatisfied customers are
more likely to respond
Recall bias - Answers study and control group report differently even if under same conditions (case
control studies) -- often exaggerate outcomes
Reporting bias - Answers related to embarrassment -- the person will understate their exposure
Is it easy to prove cause and effect? - Answers no
How to strengthen epidemiological data? - Answers known biological relationship
_________ and __________ build confidence. - Answers reproducibility, consistency
Disease frequency - Answers number of individuals in a population with the defined disease or health
outcome compared to total population or proportion without disease
Disease incidence - Answers rate of new cases over time in a defined population
Disease prevalence - Answers number of cases in defined population at a specific time
Distribution - Answers the who (disease victims), when (trends in disease frequency), and where
(diffs in frequency between populations)
Determinants: - Answers relationships within data, categorized into "who," "when," and "where"
Epidemiology - Answers the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in the
human population
What method do epidemiologists commonly use to collect data? - Answers observational studies
Intervention studies - Answers test new treatments, exposing one to treatment and the other to a
placebo
Randomized double-blind trial - Answers each participant randomly assigned to an experimental
group, neither patient nor investigator knows which group the patient is in
What bias does randomized double blind trial eliminate? - Answers data, interpretation, placebo
biases
Purpose of phase three clinical trial - Answers large population exposed to treatment, weed out
adverse affects
Cohort study - Answers large population exposed to theoretical risk factor, followed over time
(porportion exposed, and proportion not exposed)
What are cohort studies used to assess? - Answers relative risk (exposed / non-exposed)
Case control study - Answers small, already ill group studied retroactively and compared to healthy
individuals
Output of case control study - Answers odds ratio
biological risk factors - Answers genetic endowment, aging
environmental risk factors - Answers food, air, water, exposure to infectious disease
lifestyle risk factors - Answers diet, smoking, injury avoidance
psychosocial risk factors - Answers poverty, socio economic status, stress, personality, culture
What is an important thing to consider when building a study? - Answers risk factors
What risk factors are easy to attribute to specific outcomes? - Answers ones related to biology,
environment, behaviour
How is class defined in public health? - Answers difficult to define -- usually relative wealth is used, or
income disparities
High Gini coefficient - Answers high income inequality -- maximum is 1 or 100%
Power - Answers ability to extrapolate and apply data to a population
Disease cluster events - Answers presence of unusually high rates
How can small population size skew data? - Answers make rate of disease seem higher than it is
Exclusionary definition of health - Answers absence of disease
WHO definition of health - Answers state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being that
allows us to live socially and economically productive lives
Relationship between health, wellness, and disease - Answers not necessarily opposites -- you could
be "well" but still have an illness or disease
acute health outcome - Answers sudden change in health status
Difficulty of small sample size - Answers difficult to know if we are measuring the right thing
Confounding variables - Answers factors associated with exposure that independently lead to
affecting the risk of disease or health outcome
Sample size error - Answers an error related to chance, due to small sample size
Selection bias - Answers often in case controlled studies -- very satisfied or dissatisfied customers are
more likely to respond
Recall bias - Answers study and control group report differently even if under same conditions (case
control studies) -- often exaggerate outcomes
Reporting bias - Answers related to embarrassment -- the person will understate their exposure
Is it easy to prove cause and effect? - Answers no
How to strengthen epidemiological data? - Answers known biological relationship
_________ and __________ build confidence. - Answers reproducibility, consistency
Disease frequency - Answers number of individuals in a population with the defined disease or health
outcome compared to total population or proportion without disease
Disease incidence - Answers rate of new cases over time in a defined population
Disease prevalence - Answers number of cases in defined population at a specific time
Distribution - Answers the who (disease victims), when (trends in disease frequency), and where
(diffs in frequency between populations)
Determinants: - Answers relationships within data, categorized into "who," "when," and "where"
Epidemiology - Answers the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in the
human population
What method do epidemiologists commonly use to collect data? - Answers observational studies
Intervention studies - Answers test new treatments, exposing one to treatment and the other to a
placebo
Randomized double-blind trial - Answers each participant randomly assigned to an experimental
group, neither patient nor investigator knows which group the patient is in
What bias does randomized double blind trial eliminate? - Answers data, interpretation, placebo
biases
Purpose of phase three clinical trial - Answers large population exposed to treatment, weed out
adverse affects
Cohort study - Answers large population exposed to theoretical risk factor, followed over time
(porportion exposed, and proportion not exposed)
What are cohort studies used to assess? - Answers relative risk (exposed / non-exposed)
Case control study - Answers small, already ill group studied retroactively and compared to healthy
individuals
Output of case control study - Answers odds ratio
biological risk factors - Answers genetic endowment, aging
environmental risk factors - Answers food, air, water, exposure to infectious disease
lifestyle risk factors - Answers diet, smoking, injury avoidance
psychosocial risk factors - Answers poverty, socio economic status, stress, personality, culture
What is an important thing to consider when building a study? - Answers risk factors
What risk factors are easy to attribute to specific outcomes? - Answers ones related to biology,
environment, behaviour
How is class defined in public health? - Answers difficult to define -- usually relative wealth is used, or
income disparities
High Gini coefficient - Answers high income inequality -- maximum is 1 or 100%
Power - Answers ability to extrapolate and apply data to a population
Disease cluster events - Answers presence of unusually high rates
How can small population size skew data? - Answers make rate of disease seem higher than it is
Exclusionary definition of health - Answers absence of disease
WHO definition of health - Answers state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being that
allows us to live socially and economically productive lives
Relationship between health, wellness, and disease - Answers not necessarily opposites -- you could
be "well" but still have an illness or disease
