SPH 200 UNIT 11 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

SPH 200 UNIT 11 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Knowledge translation - Answers Meeting ground between *research and action*.. knits them with communicative relationships, relies upon partnerships/collabs/personal contact between researchers and research-users Research - Answers Systematic investigation of particular phenomena .. use of knowledge in new way to generate new concepts, methods, understanding Creative work that increases + produces knowledge Action - Answers Doing something to achieve an aim.. action looks different in different sectors (ex. NPO, hospitals, gov't policy makers) How we do research - Answers Identify general study area - choose research topic - formulate plan/methodology - collect data - analyze/ interpret data - present findings Four models of KT - Answers A) Push efforts by producers/purveyors (to research users) B) User pulls efforts (from producers/purveyors) C) Efforts are exchanged (between producers/purveyors) D) Integrated efforts (use of knowledge translation platforms) Model A of Knowledge Translation - Answers Research material/findings are driving the push to knowledge user.. Often involves "repackaging" knowledge product as something more attractive/accessible to a different audience .. push efforts by producers/purveyors (to research users) Model B of Knowledge Translation - Answers Knowledge user requests research on particular issue.. sometimes agencies might put out special call for grants, other times may be more informal contracts .. user pulls efforts (from producers/purveyors) Model C of Knowledge Translation - Answers Partnership model; researchers and knowledge users working in collaboration for a mutual benefit .. exchange efforts (between producers/research users) Model D of Knowledge Translation - Answers Integrated model adopts emerging Knowledge Translation Platform (KTP), a national- or regional-level institution which fosters linkage/exchange across a system .. integrated system - may occur if there's a "knowledge gap", could use KTP to connect with researcher/knowledgeable individual on issue Explicit knowledge - Answers Knowledge that is easily communicated and available to everyone.. ie. things that are easy to write down Tacit knowledge - Answers Subconscious knowledge.. context-specific and includes insights, intuitions, experiences. Capturing this is more difficult/involves time and personal interaction Knowledge management - Answers Should ask.. what knowledge do we want to share? (type/quality), with whom do we want to share it? (audience), how will our knowledge actually be shared? (channels), and why will this knowledge be shared? (motivations) Stakeholder analysis - Answers Gathering and analyzing quantitative/qualitative info to determine whose interests should be taken into account throughout the project Brainstorm ideas about what audience's would be most appropriate to receive this information Prioritizing audiences - Answers Place into categories of "Must, Should, Like" Brainstorming stakeholders should ideally take place before research has even begun Analyze different political actors and assess power, position. interests of these actors Analyze degree of any actor's support Influence mapping - Answers Good for identifying individuals and groups with the power to effect a key decision.. also helps investigate the position/motive of each player and the best channels to communicate with them More difficult: decision maker - advisor/opinion leaders More accessible: gov't department, associations, public + constituents, information + media Force field analysis - Answers A technique for determining which forces drive a proposed change and which forces restrain it (data comes from interviews, lit. reviews, stakeholder workshops) If balance favours those opposed to change; its advisable to reconsider objectives or commit to long, in-depth advocacy work Why prioritize stakeholders? - Answers Stakeholder engagement= time consuming, having the wrong stakeholders at the table could be counterproductive or time-wasting if their goals don't align with yours Policy cycle - Answers Agenda setting, policy formulation, policy implementation, policy evaluation Step 1) Agenda setting - Answers Gov'ts will try to command what's placed on agenda, others thus have little influence over decision-making process Step 2) Identification of alternatives/policy formulation - Answers Decision-makers typically examine variety of possible solutions before selecting one, leading to new or amended policy Researchers can help decision-makers understand + use very specialized knowledge This requires packaging right information in the right format Step 3) Policy implementation - Answers Policy is only as effective as its implementation As experts, researchers can help set standards + criteria to increase chances of policy implementation Step 4) Monitoring / Evaluation - Answers Once policy is implemented, monitoring + evaluation strategies can measure effectiveness and capture lessons that will inform future policy decisions/ implementation Research is useful in evaluation extent to which policy has attained objectives and whether desired outcomes were reached Evaluative thinking process - Answers During this we are learning, adapting, improving ..planning projects/interventions, creating data/outcomes , converting data into lessons/knowledge, reflecting on lessons Strategies for evaluating KT - Answers Focus groups, key informant interviews, surveys, direct observations Focus groups - Answers Qualitative method (collecting/analyzing data to understans concepts, opinions, experiences) .. 8-12 ppl with similar backgorunds, characteristics gathered together and collectively interviews where they can freely exchange ideas, issues, experiences .. bias can be an issue Key informant interviews - Answers Process involves qualitative, in-depth, semi-structured interviews between researchers/evaluators and informants Topic lists or open-ended questions typically .. bias can be an issue and it can be problematic choosing your informants Surveys - Answers Can be short (mini survey) or long (formal survey) Can target wide number of stakeholders, can be open- ended (long answer) or short (M/C) Can generate both qualitative and quantitative data Direct observations - Answers Sending trained observers with detailed checklists to site of intervention/study, they collect (via observing/listening) data about what is going on .. collected data about on-going activities, processes, social interactions, observable results Implementation research - Answers Once a scientific consensus on an issue is reached, can work on adoption of real-world systems, adoption by people- monitoring and evaluation of programs is essential to encourage uptake Participatory Action Research - Answers Aims to improve health by involving people who in turn take action to improve their own health.. empowers "participants" to become researchers; participants will select research projects, collect data, perform analyses, disseminate results Community-Based Monitoring - Answers Entails volunteers engaging in collecting, analyzing, using data to answer locally relevant questions Common strategy for freshwater monitoring in Canada Benefits: increased scientific literacy, community-building, promotes trust w/ collaborators and gov't Engaged scholarship - Answers Generation of new knowledge through combining of academic knowledge + community-based knowledge, eliminating hierarchy of knowledge and a one-way flow of knowledge Making link between practice and theory.. recognizes that impact is essential to research; research should be issue-driven Engaged scholarship examples - Answers Also falls under category of *very engaged knowledge translation* - helping community design their own CBM program - help school implement healthy eating program