SPH 200 UNIT 6 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

SPH 200 UNIT 6 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Determinants of health affected by environment - Answers Social environments, physical environments, biology and genetic endowments Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answers (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization Which level of Maslow's hierarchy does environmental health fall under - Answers Physiological needs - lowest level WHO sustainable development goals that relate to environment - Answers 1) Zero hunger 2) Clean water and sanitation 3) Affordable and clean energy 4) Climate action 14) Life below water Reduction of air quality can be due to - Answers Forest fires, vehicles, energy generation - India and China - burning coal = significant health risks How can air quality be improved - Answers De-industrialization in developed countries - usually just moved to developing countries Water access - Answers Access to clean water is highly associated with quality of life - different types of environmental hazards - many biological, chemical or physical Examples of environmental hazards in water - Answers Algae blooms/cyanobacteria - toxin release Religious practice causing people to bath in contaminated water Amount of people undernourrished - Answers 690 mil people or 8.9% of world in 2019 60 mil more than 2014 Africa - 250 mil/ 19.1% Asia - 3.8% down from 8 mil in 2015 Child stunting found in estimated 144 mil children At the same time obesity has risen from 11.8% to 13.1% in 2016 Possible solutions to undernourrishments - Answers Alternative food sources, decrease water consumption to make food, greenhouse ga emissions, and increase nutrient density First world food problems - Answers Fast food = not nutritious, cheap food is less nutritious. Healthy food can be expensive Shelter - Answers Poor housing quality can be associated with greater risk of physical injury - mold strongly linked to respiratory complications. Problems can occur during extreme weather conditions Overcrowding can lead to poor mental health outcomes Ex. slums in Mumbai Possible outcomes of poor shelter - Answers 1) Asthma 2) Wheeze 3) Allergic rhinitis Quebec deadly heatwave impact of shelter - Answers At least 50 deaths connected - mostly elderly men who lived alone with no air conditioning as heat index 106 F for several consecutive days Inuit housing effects - Answers Correlated to mental distress - crowding and living in dwelling in need of repairs - 3/10 inuit women who lived in crowded dwellings were preducted to be in higher mental distress, when adjusting for all variables, compared to 23% of those who did not. 33% of women in houses needing repairs were predicted to have higher mental distress than 25% that lived in places needing no/little repairs. Canadian housing situation - Answers - 61% non-indigenous Canadians are homeowners vs 31% indigenous - Housing needing major repairs: 44% on reserves vs 7% off - Housing shortages on reserves ~35,000-85,000 Roughly 600 mil spent on on-reserve housing initiatives Sanitation - Answers Plethora of diseases transmitted through the fecal oral route - diarrheal disease, cholera, bacterial infections, viral infections, helminths, protozoa - poor sanitation can also lead to other methods of increased disease transmission - sewage in streets - attracts rats with fleas = black plague Space - Answers Those with increased space might have better health than those living in crowded/small living quarters Hazards - Answers Assessing how hazards impact the ability of individuals to satisfy their needs, and remain healthy is an important aspect of environmental health Biological hazards - Answers Infectious or non-infectious - viruses, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, endotoxins Chemical hazards - Answers Organic or inorganic - millions of natural and synthetic chemicals Physical hazards - Answers Physical environments - radiation, sound, temperature, electromagnetic, light (UV, infrared), thermal energy, climate Occupational and psychosocial hazards - Answers Occupational - risk accepted as a consequence of an occupation Psychosocial - hazard relating to the psychological experiences of an individual Risk increases with increased - Answers 1) Dose 2) Exposure time 3) Hazard characteristics - toxicity, virulence, genotoxic, carcinogen etc. Paracelus - Answers Father of modern toxicology - Europe : - "the dose makes the poison" - would often use toxic compounds as cures and would say it to sway hesitant patients Dose of pathogen - Answers Affected by - Pathogen type - virus vs bacteria vs prion vs fungi - Virulence of specific pathogen - different strains of E. coli - Route of transmission - air, water, food, sexual, contact Dose factors of the host - Answers - Barriers to exposure - Immune status: immunocompromised, naive, prior exposure/vaccinated Dose dependent physical hazards - Answers - Ionizing & non-ionizing radiation - Temperature - Noise - Vibrations Non-dose dependent physical hazards - Answers Objects Injury Drowning Accidents Dose of chemical hazards - Answers Pose unique challenges regarding estimating dose that will cause disease - concentrations are usually very low in the environment - Testing toxicity requires animal studies - often poorly represent human exposures - difficult to identify the effect of exposure - know what to measure - lethal dose is common default bc of this - Hermetic effect can sometimes cause a + response at certain concentrations Epidemiolgical studies are better, but often encounter conflicting data that makes clear associations difficult Properties of the chemical significantly impact the dose required to cause disease Black box - Answers Puts all metrics that are difficult to determine (metabolism, binding of macromolecules, altered gene expression and mutations in carcinogenesis) into a black box that is the intermediate between exposure and clinical disease Exposure of large quantities of hazardous agents over long time can contribute to - Answers Different types of morbidity - acute or chronic diseases, allergic responses, disability Mortality Dilemma that environmental health faces with linking chemical hazards to health outcomes - Answers Whether or not it occurs in association with low levels of exposure we experience every day - desire to protect environmental health demands supports for this but evidence is not strong Exposure time in Flint Michigan - Answers Reduction in lead exposure among Canadians and reduction in use of lead in day to day life - Flint experienced absurd levels of lead in drinking water - presence of lead in body correlates highly with IQ - drink contaminated water for 1 day - not at same risk as resident with continued exposure BPA - Answers Industrial chemical primarily used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins - food & water bottles, protective linings of food cans, jars, bottles - exposure ~100% dietary Can migrate from packaging into food when heated or repeat use containers BPa quickly absored and metabolized to BPA-G in liver - excreted in urine and 1/2 life = 6 hrs = Endocrine disruptor and possible estrogenic mimic Potential toxic effects in utero and on newborns Ban of BPA - Answers Urinary Canadian BPA , 3 ug/L - 0.1ug dietary intake/kg body wt/day 40,250 and 500x below safe levels ` Vaccines concentrations of aluminum hydroxide - Answers Aluminum can have negative health effects - but only at a certain concentration - more exposure to aluminum in breast milk, recreational waters, infant formula, soy-based formula, buffered aspirin and antacids than in vaccines Environmental and life-style related health challenges - Answers 1) Stress - workplace, interpersonal 2) Air - general, indoor, worksite 3) Food - quantity, quality, price 4) Noise - worksite, general, recreational 5) Water - quality, quantity 6) Infection - sexual, food 7) Tobacco, alcohol, drugs 8) Ionizing radiation Water cycle - Answers Cycle that circulates water through environment - can harbor waterborne pathogens - illness and/or death when on land John Snow - Answers Founder of epidemiology - found cholera contaminated water pump from the river Thames in London - first conclusive evidence of waterborne transmission of infectious disease Waterborne vs water based pathogens - Answers Waterborne - in water Waterbased - vector borne - mosquito transmitted - West Nile, dengue, Plasmodium, Schistosoma, Legionella spp. Dracunculus medinensis - Answers Guinea worm - medical symbol - Jimmy Carter funded the creation of straws to reduce drastically - but now found in dogs - reintroduce into water - has not been completely eliminated Schistosomiasis - Answers Helminth infection acquired from contact with water containing infected snails - urinate and defecate near water sources which is used for cooking and cleaning Water use in Canada - Answers Largely thermal power generation municipal manufacturing agriculture mining oil and gas Agriculture consumes the greatest proportion that is not returned back - need to clean water befor returning to enviornment Water around the world - MDG - Answers Goal of getting people clean water was met in 2010 - easier to do in urban areas - 2.8 bil people have gained access to improved drinking water sources since 1990 - 8/10 people still without improved drinking water in rural areas - in 2015, 693 mill people still lack improved drinking water sources