BIO 1002 Exam 3 Pomarico
LSU Latest (2026/27)
Comprehensive Questions
and Answers A+ Graded
1. The main distinguishing features of the Kingdom Animalia
They are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by
ingesting other organisms, and they typically have specialized tissues and
exhibit motility during some life stage.
2. Animals evolved, developed more complex and organized
This refers to the evolutionary trend toward increasing complexity,
including the development of specialized tissues, organs, and organ
systems.
3. Cephalization
Cephalization is the concentration of nervous tissue (including a "brain" and
sensory organs) into a defined region (head) of the body.
4. Cellular specialization leads to
Tissues.
5. Tissues
Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
6. Organs
Organs are centers of bodily function, which are usually made up of
different tissues.
,7. Organ systems
Groups of organs that work together to perform major functions.
8. The first break in the animal tree
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) – Sessile (non-moving), filter feeders, may
reproduce sexually or asexually by budding, most species have an
asymmetric body plan designed for water filtration, lack tissue structure but
have specialized cells.
9. Epithelial cells
Cells that form continuous sheets called membranes, covering the body
and lining all body cavities; main function is to form a barrier, has no blood
vessels, nourished by diffusion or continuous replacement.
10. Collar cells
Specialized cells in sponges (choanocytes) that create water flow and trap
food particles.
11. Amoeboid cells
Mobile cells in sponges that digest food, distribute nutrients, and produce
skeletal elements.
12. Theory of how the animal kingdom came to be
Proposes that animals evolved from a colonial flagellated protist ancestor
similar to modern choanoflagellates.
13. [Not clearly defined in the visible text]
(No definition provided in this segment.)
14. Symmetry (general definition)
Indicates that a geometric plane could be drawn through an organism such
that the halves of the organism are "mirror" images of each other.
15. Radial symmetry
Body plan with multiple planes of symmetry, typically arranged around a
central axis.
, 16. Bilateral symmetry
Body plan with a left side and a right side; also means a back (dorsal) and
front (ventral) surface can be determined.
17. Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
Mostly marine, tissues present (including a nerve net), may reproduce
sexually or asexually by budding, only two germ layers form in the early
embryo, simple sac-like body with a gastrovascular cavity, two body plans
(polyp or medusa), tentacles with nematocyst-armed cnidocytes.
18. Germ layers
The three primary layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) that form
during early embryonic development and give rise to all tissues and organs.
19. Endoderm
Innermost germ layer; gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and
associated organs.
20. Mesoderm
Middle germ layer; gives rise to muscles, circulatory system, skeletal system,
and other internal structures.
21. Ectoderm
Outer covering (outer germ layer); gives rise to skin and nervous system.
22. Echinoderms
Radial symmetry as adults but have bilateral symmetry in the larval stages.
23. Difference between Cnidarians and other animal phyla
Cnidarians are missing the mesoderm; the two germ layers present in
Cnidarians lead to the inner and outer body layers. All the remaining phyla
in the Kingdom Animalia have bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.
24. Spiral/Determinate cleavage
Spiral: a type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the
planes of cell division occur obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of
each tier sitting in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers. Determinate:
LSU Latest (2026/27)
Comprehensive Questions
and Answers A+ Graded
1. The main distinguishing features of the Kingdom Animalia
They are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by
ingesting other organisms, and they typically have specialized tissues and
exhibit motility during some life stage.
2. Animals evolved, developed more complex and organized
This refers to the evolutionary trend toward increasing complexity,
including the development of specialized tissues, organs, and organ
systems.
3. Cephalization
Cephalization is the concentration of nervous tissue (including a "brain" and
sensory organs) into a defined region (head) of the body.
4. Cellular specialization leads to
Tissues.
5. Tissues
Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
6. Organs
Organs are centers of bodily function, which are usually made up of
different tissues.
,7. Organ systems
Groups of organs that work together to perform major functions.
8. The first break in the animal tree
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) – Sessile (non-moving), filter feeders, may
reproduce sexually or asexually by budding, most species have an
asymmetric body plan designed for water filtration, lack tissue structure but
have specialized cells.
9. Epithelial cells
Cells that form continuous sheets called membranes, covering the body
and lining all body cavities; main function is to form a barrier, has no blood
vessels, nourished by diffusion or continuous replacement.
10. Collar cells
Specialized cells in sponges (choanocytes) that create water flow and trap
food particles.
11. Amoeboid cells
Mobile cells in sponges that digest food, distribute nutrients, and produce
skeletal elements.
12. Theory of how the animal kingdom came to be
Proposes that animals evolved from a colonial flagellated protist ancestor
similar to modern choanoflagellates.
13. [Not clearly defined in the visible text]
(No definition provided in this segment.)
14. Symmetry (general definition)
Indicates that a geometric plane could be drawn through an organism such
that the halves of the organism are "mirror" images of each other.
15. Radial symmetry
Body plan with multiple planes of symmetry, typically arranged around a
central axis.
, 16. Bilateral symmetry
Body plan with a left side and a right side; also means a back (dorsal) and
front (ventral) surface can be determined.
17. Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
Mostly marine, tissues present (including a nerve net), may reproduce
sexually or asexually by budding, only two germ layers form in the early
embryo, simple sac-like body with a gastrovascular cavity, two body plans
(polyp or medusa), tentacles with nematocyst-armed cnidocytes.
18. Germ layers
The three primary layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) that form
during early embryonic development and give rise to all tissues and organs.
19. Endoderm
Innermost germ layer; gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and
associated organs.
20. Mesoderm
Middle germ layer; gives rise to muscles, circulatory system, skeletal system,
and other internal structures.
21. Ectoderm
Outer covering (outer germ layer); gives rise to skin and nervous system.
22. Echinoderms
Radial symmetry as adults but have bilateral symmetry in the larval stages.
23. Difference between Cnidarians and other animal phyla
Cnidarians are missing the mesoderm; the two germ layers present in
Cnidarians lead to the inner and outer body layers. All the remaining phyla
in the Kingdom Animalia have bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.
24. Spiral/Determinate cleavage
Spiral: a type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the
planes of cell division occur obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of
each tier sitting in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers. Determinate:
