NURS 231 FINAL EXAM 2023
(MODULE 1-10) NEW EXAM
ACCURATE 2023 KEY CONCEPTS
EXAM
Cellular Adaptations & Injury
1. True/False: A bodybuilder's muscles will display
hyperplasia.
Answer: False
Rationale: Skeletal muscle growth in adults occurs primarily
by hypertrophy (increase in cell size), not hyperplasia
(increase in cell number), as skeletal muscle cells are
multinucleated and post-mitotic .
2. True/False: Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia.
Answer: False
Rationale: Barrett esophagus is an example of metaplasia—
a reversible change where one mature cell type replaces
another. Dysplasia involves abnormal changes in cell size,
shape, and organization .
3. True/False: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to
survive under stressful circumstances.
Answer: False
, Rationale: Metaplastic cells adapt by changing from one
differentiated cell type to another that is better suited to
endure chronic stress or injury. This adaptive change often
enhances cell survival under persistent stress .
4. True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and
pathological conditions.
Answer: True
Rationale: Hypertrophy occurs physiologically (e.g., uterine
enlargement during pregnancy) and pathologically (e.g., left
ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension) .
5. True/False: Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer.
Answer: True
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth that
disrupts tissue architecture. If the injurious stimulus persists,
dysplastic cells can accumulate mutations leading to
neoplastic transformation and invasive cancer .
6. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous
necrosis.
Answer:
o Dry gangrene: Occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced.
The area is dry, shrinks, and becomes dark brown or black.
Spread is slow. Commonly seen in diabetics.
o Wet gangrene: Caused by sudden reduction in blood flow
with bacterial infection. The area is cold, swollen, pulseless,
moist, black, and has a foul odor. Spread is rapid .
, Rationale: The distinction is critical for clinical
management—dry gangrene may be managed conservatively
while wet gangrene requires immediate intervention.
7. True/False: Cell proliferation is the process in which
proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
Answer: False
Rationale: This describes cell differentiation. Cell
proliferation is the process of increasing cell numbers by
mitotic cell division .
8. What are two important properties that stem cells possess?
Answer: Potency (the ability to differentiate into different cell
types) and self-renewal (the ability to divide and maintain an
undifferentiated state) .
Cell Structure & Function
9. Which are true of the mitochondria? (Select all that apply)
Answer: It is involved in cellular respiration; They play a role
in apoptosis
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary sites of ATP
production through cellular respiration and release factors
that trigger apoptosis. They are typically located near energy-
demanding sites, not far from them .
(MODULE 1-10) NEW EXAM
ACCURATE 2023 KEY CONCEPTS
EXAM
Cellular Adaptations & Injury
1. True/False: A bodybuilder's muscles will display
hyperplasia.
Answer: False
Rationale: Skeletal muscle growth in adults occurs primarily
by hypertrophy (increase in cell size), not hyperplasia
(increase in cell number), as skeletal muscle cells are
multinucleated and post-mitotic .
2. True/False: Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia.
Answer: False
Rationale: Barrett esophagus is an example of metaplasia—
a reversible change where one mature cell type replaces
another. Dysplasia involves abnormal changes in cell size,
shape, and organization .
3. True/False: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to
survive under stressful circumstances.
Answer: False
, Rationale: Metaplastic cells adapt by changing from one
differentiated cell type to another that is better suited to
endure chronic stress or injury. This adaptive change often
enhances cell survival under persistent stress .
4. True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and
pathological conditions.
Answer: True
Rationale: Hypertrophy occurs physiologically (e.g., uterine
enlargement during pregnancy) and pathologically (e.g., left
ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension) .
5. True/False: Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer.
Answer: True
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth that
disrupts tissue architecture. If the injurious stimulus persists,
dysplastic cells can accumulate mutations leading to
neoplastic transformation and invasive cancer .
6. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous
necrosis.
Answer:
o Dry gangrene: Occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced.
The area is dry, shrinks, and becomes dark brown or black.
Spread is slow. Commonly seen in diabetics.
o Wet gangrene: Caused by sudden reduction in blood flow
with bacterial infection. The area is cold, swollen, pulseless,
moist, black, and has a foul odor. Spread is rapid .
, Rationale: The distinction is critical for clinical
management—dry gangrene may be managed conservatively
while wet gangrene requires immediate intervention.
7. True/False: Cell proliferation is the process in which
proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
Answer: False
Rationale: This describes cell differentiation. Cell
proliferation is the process of increasing cell numbers by
mitotic cell division .
8. What are two important properties that stem cells possess?
Answer: Potency (the ability to differentiate into different cell
types) and self-renewal (the ability to divide and maintain an
undifferentiated state) .
Cell Structure & Function
9. Which are true of the mitochondria? (Select all that apply)
Answer: It is involved in cellular respiration; They play a role
in apoptosis
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary sites of ATP
production through cellular respiration and release factors
that trigger apoptosis. They are typically located near energy-
demanding sites, not far from them .
