NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 || Most Recent
Exam 2026-2027 Actual Complete Real Exam
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What is the role of histamine and what effect does it have on
the body during immune response? - ANSWER -increases the
permeability of blood capillaries, vasodilation, hives and
itchiness.
What is the role of bradykinin and what effect does it have on
the body during immune response? - ANSWER -released from
injured cells that stimulates pain receptors and the mast cells
to release histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes to
increase blood flow.
What is the role of leukotrienes and what effect does it have on
the body during
immune response? - ANSWER -stimulate contraction of
smooth muscles.
Happens in the respiratory tract when the
trachea closes up.
What is the role of prostaglandins and what effect does it have
on the body during immune response? - ANSWER -affects
,smooth muscle and increases mucus secretion. The trachea
starts to grow tight with mucus stuck in it.
Explain innate immunity - ANSWER -you are born with it. It
occurs on the initial
exposure to an antigen and there are chemical and physical
barriers to prevent
invasion such as the skin, mucus membranes, enzymes
and pH. Fever,
inflammation and phagocytosis is
included.
Specific or nonspecific: innate Immunity - ANSWER -
nonspecific
Explain adaptive immunity - ANSWER -slow to develop. More
efficient when there is subsequent exposure. Cells will create
memory. Recognizer foreign invaders and destroys foreign
invaders. More effective defenses. B Cell= humoral immunity
and produces antibodies. T cells are cell mediated immunity
and involve T helper and cytotoxic T cells to activate cells to
fight foreign invaders.
Specific or nonspecific: adaptive immunity - ANSWER -specific
What is antimicrobial resistance and what factors contribute to
it in microorganisms? - ANSWER -resistant strains of
microorganisms emerge following exposure to antibiotics,
,making it harder to treat. Caused by excessive use of
antibiotics or subtherapeutic dosing.
Will need stronger antibiotics to cure.
How can we prevent the spread of microorganisms in
healthcare? - ANSWER -
Must always keep a sterile field if working in one, washing
hands, wearing PPE
when
needed.
What is passive immunity? - ANSWER -he transfer of preformed
antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized
person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No
memory cells are produced.
Which antibodies does passive immunity involve? - ANSWER -
IgA and IgE
What are examples of passive immunity? - ANSWER -mom to
fetus through
placenta or mom to infant through breast milk.
Serotherapy.
What is active immunity? - ANSWER -a protective state owing
to the immune system response as a result of active infection
or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body
has to fight it to have long term immunity.
, What are examples of active immunity? - ANSWER -
Vaccinations as they contain altered toxins that retain the
ability to produce memory cells. Second exposure activates a
quicker response.
What is a hypersensitivity? - ANSWER -an overreaction to
antigens or allergens
that is beyond the normal range, leading
to damage.
Type of mediator Type 1 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -IgE or
anaphylactic
Type of mediator Type 2 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -IgM/IgG or
cytotoxic
Type of mediator Type 3 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -Immune
Complex
Type of mediator Type 4 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -
Cytotoxic T cell or
delayed
hypersensitivity
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANSWER -anaphylactic.
Occurs within 230mins of exposure. Can be systemic or
localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Exam 2026-2027 Actual Complete Real Exam
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Already Graded A+ | Guaranteed
Success!! Newest Exam | Just Released!!
What is the role of histamine and what effect does it have on
the body during immune response? - ANSWER -increases the
permeability of blood capillaries, vasodilation, hives and
itchiness.
What is the role of bradykinin and what effect does it have on
the body during immune response? - ANSWER -released from
injured cells that stimulates pain receptors and the mast cells
to release histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes to
increase blood flow.
What is the role of leukotrienes and what effect does it have on
the body during
immune response? - ANSWER -stimulate contraction of
smooth muscles.
Happens in the respiratory tract when the
trachea closes up.
What is the role of prostaglandins and what effect does it have
on the body during immune response? - ANSWER -affects
,smooth muscle and increases mucus secretion. The trachea
starts to grow tight with mucus stuck in it.
Explain innate immunity - ANSWER -you are born with it. It
occurs on the initial
exposure to an antigen and there are chemical and physical
barriers to prevent
invasion such as the skin, mucus membranes, enzymes
and pH. Fever,
inflammation and phagocytosis is
included.
Specific or nonspecific: innate Immunity - ANSWER -
nonspecific
Explain adaptive immunity - ANSWER -slow to develop. More
efficient when there is subsequent exposure. Cells will create
memory. Recognizer foreign invaders and destroys foreign
invaders. More effective defenses. B Cell= humoral immunity
and produces antibodies. T cells are cell mediated immunity
and involve T helper and cytotoxic T cells to activate cells to
fight foreign invaders.
Specific or nonspecific: adaptive immunity - ANSWER -specific
What is antimicrobial resistance and what factors contribute to
it in microorganisms? - ANSWER -resistant strains of
microorganisms emerge following exposure to antibiotics,
,making it harder to treat. Caused by excessive use of
antibiotics or subtherapeutic dosing.
Will need stronger antibiotics to cure.
How can we prevent the spread of microorganisms in
healthcare? - ANSWER -
Must always keep a sterile field if working in one, washing
hands, wearing PPE
when
needed.
What is passive immunity? - ANSWER -he transfer of preformed
antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized
person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No
memory cells are produced.
Which antibodies does passive immunity involve? - ANSWER -
IgA and IgE
What are examples of passive immunity? - ANSWER -mom to
fetus through
placenta or mom to infant through breast milk.
Serotherapy.
What is active immunity? - ANSWER -a protective state owing
to the immune system response as a result of active infection
or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body
has to fight it to have long term immunity.
, What are examples of active immunity? - ANSWER -
Vaccinations as they contain altered toxins that retain the
ability to produce memory cells. Second exposure activates a
quicker response.
What is a hypersensitivity? - ANSWER -an overreaction to
antigens or allergens
that is beyond the normal range, leading
to damage.
Type of mediator Type 1 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -IgE or
anaphylactic
Type of mediator Type 2 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -IgM/IgG or
cytotoxic
Type of mediator Type 3 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -Immune
Complex
Type of mediator Type 4 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -
Cytotoxic T cell or
delayed
hypersensitivity
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANSWER -anaphylactic.
Occurs within 230mins of exposure. Can be systemic or
localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
