NURS 231 FINAL EXAM 2023 (MODULE
1-10) NEW EXAM ACCURATE 2023 KEY
CONCEPTS
1. A patient has a fever and rash. What are these examples of?
A. Signs
B. Symptoms
C. Both A & B
D. Neither
Answer: A
Rationale: A sign is an objective finding measurable by a clinician (fever, rash). A
symptom is subjective reported by the patient (pain, nausea).
2. Which of the following is true of a test’s sensitivity?
A. It is how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
B. If negative, it can safely be assumed that the person does not have a disease
C. It is considered a true-negative result
D. It can only be calculated from people without the disease
Answer: B
Rationale: High sensitivity means few false negatives; a negative result reliably
rules out disease (SNOUT – Sensitive test rules OUT).
3. Which of the following is the effect of an illness on one’s life?
A. Incidence
B. Morbidity
C. Mortality
D. Prevalence
,Answer: B
Rationale: Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or the consequences of
illness on quality of life.
4. What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a
specific time period?
A. Incidence
B. Prevalence
C. Mortality rate
D. Attack rate
Answer: A
Rationale: Incidence measures new cases, while prevalence measures total existing
cases.
5. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy = increased cell size; hyperplasia = increased cell number.
6. A patient with chronic heart failure develops an enlarged heart. This is an
example of:
A. Pathologic hypertrophy
B. Physiologic hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Pathologic hypertrophy occurs due to increased workload (e.g.,
hypertension, valve disease).
,7. Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in the brain after a stroke?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to release of digestive
enzymes.
8. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Cell death due to trauma
D. Premature cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process that eliminates
damaged cells without triggering inflammation.
9. Which type of inflammation is characterized by neutrophils as the predominant
cell type?
A. Chronic inflammation
B. Acute inflammation
C. Granulomatous inflammation
D. Allergic inflammation
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation features neutrophils; chronic inflammation features
lymphocytes and macrophages.
10. The vascular changes of acute inflammation include:
, A. Vasodilation and increased permeability
B. Vasoconstriction and decreased permeability
C. Only vasodilation
D. Only increased permeability
Answer: A
Rationale: Vasodilation causes redness and heat; increased permeability causes
edema.
11. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for pain in inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Prostaglandins
C. Leukotrienes
D. Complement C5a
Answer: B
Rationale: Prostaglandins sensitize pain receptors; NSAIDs block their synthesis.
12. A fever is caused by the action of pyrogens on which hypothalamic structure?
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Posterior hypothalamus
C. Thalamus
D. Pituitary gland
Answer: A
Rationale: Pyrogens raise the thermostatic set point in the anterior hypothalamus.
13. Which type of immunity is provided by antibodies passed from mother to
fetus?
A. Natural passive immunity
B. Artificial passive immunity
C. Natural active immunity
D. Artificial active immunity
1-10) NEW EXAM ACCURATE 2023 KEY
CONCEPTS
1. A patient has a fever and rash. What are these examples of?
A. Signs
B. Symptoms
C. Both A & B
D. Neither
Answer: A
Rationale: A sign is an objective finding measurable by a clinician (fever, rash). A
symptom is subjective reported by the patient (pain, nausea).
2. Which of the following is true of a test’s sensitivity?
A. It is how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
B. If negative, it can safely be assumed that the person does not have a disease
C. It is considered a true-negative result
D. It can only be calculated from people without the disease
Answer: B
Rationale: High sensitivity means few false negatives; a negative result reliably
rules out disease (SNOUT – Sensitive test rules OUT).
3. Which of the following is the effect of an illness on one’s life?
A. Incidence
B. Morbidity
C. Mortality
D. Prevalence
,Answer: B
Rationale: Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or the consequences of
illness on quality of life.
4. What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a
specific time period?
A. Incidence
B. Prevalence
C. Mortality rate
D. Attack rate
Answer: A
Rationale: Incidence measures new cases, while prevalence measures total existing
cases.
5. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy = increased cell size; hyperplasia = increased cell number.
6. A patient with chronic heart failure develops an enlarged heart. This is an
example of:
A. Pathologic hypertrophy
B. Physiologic hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Pathologic hypertrophy occurs due to increased workload (e.g.,
hypertension, valve disease).
,7. Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in the brain after a stroke?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to release of digestive
enzymes.
8. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Cell death due to trauma
D. Premature cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process that eliminates
damaged cells without triggering inflammation.
9. Which type of inflammation is characterized by neutrophils as the predominant
cell type?
A. Chronic inflammation
B. Acute inflammation
C. Granulomatous inflammation
D. Allergic inflammation
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation features neutrophils; chronic inflammation features
lymphocytes and macrophages.
10. The vascular changes of acute inflammation include:
, A. Vasodilation and increased permeability
B. Vasoconstriction and decreased permeability
C. Only vasodilation
D. Only increased permeability
Answer: A
Rationale: Vasodilation causes redness and heat; increased permeability causes
edema.
11. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for pain in inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Prostaglandins
C. Leukotrienes
D. Complement C5a
Answer: B
Rationale: Prostaglandins sensitize pain receptors; NSAIDs block their synthesis.
12. A fever is caused by the action of pyrogens on which hypothalamic structure?
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Posterior hypothalamus
C. Thalamus
D. Pituitary gland
Answer: A
Rationale: Pyrogens raise the thermostatic set point in the anterior hypothalamus.
13. Which type of immunity is provided by antibodies passed from mother to
fetus?
A. Natural passive immunity
B. Artificial passive immunity
C. Natural active immunity
D. Artificial active immunity
