Praxis 5005 (Science) Kathleen Jasper
Purple Book Notes and Information
Test
Mantle - ANSWER-Is not liquid, but ductile or plastic, which means that some parts can
flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure.
Composed mainly of aluminum and silicates
Crust - ANSWER-The outermost solid layer of earth. It is the lithosphere.
Core - ANSWER-The innermost layers of the Earth. Mainly composed of nickel and iron
Inner Core - ANSWER-Solid. Temperatures and pressures are extreme.
Outer Core - ANSWER-A layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere. The
only layer of Earth that is a true liquid
What is the outer core made up of? - ANSWER-Nickel and iron
Lithosphere - ANSWER-The outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth.
Includes the crust, and the top of the mantle
Biosphere - ANSWER-The global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms
Atmosphere - ANSWER-The layer of gases that surround the planet
Troposphere - ANSWER-The lowest layer of the atmosphere. Contains weather.
Hydrosphere - ANSWER-All the water on earth
Cryosphere - ANSWER-The masses of frozen water
What percentage of Nitrogen makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-78%
What percentage of Oxygen makes up the earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-21%
What percentage of Argon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-.09%
,What percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the Earth's atmosphere? -
ANSWER-.01%
What percentage of Helium and neon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-
Small traces
Geologic formations are formation made from what? - ANSWER-Rocks
Mountains - ANSWER-Formed as a result of Earth's tectonic plates smashing together
Volcanoes - ANSWER-Formed when magma from within Earth's upper mantle erupts
through the surface
Canyons - ANSWER-Formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of
rivers. Also formed by tectonic activity.
Earthquakes - ANSWER-Usually caused when plates rub against each other in the
opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden
release of energy causes seismic waves to make the ground shake
Ring of Fire - ANSWER-A ring of volcanoes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Seismic Waves - ANSWER-An elastic wave caused by an earthquake
Primary (P waves) - ANSWER-These are the fastest of the three types of seismic
waves and can travel through solid, liquid, and gases
Secondary (S waves) - ANSWER-Travel through the Earth's interior at about half the
speed of primary waves. Can travel through rocks, but not liquids or gases
Surface Waves - ANSWER-Seismic waves that move along Earth's surface, not through
its interior. Slowest of the three types of seismic waves
Tsunamis - ANSWER-Giant waves caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruptions
under the sea
Plate Tectonics - ANSWER-The theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several
plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates
move and separate, causing earth to separate and change
Divergent - ANSWER-Pulling apart
Convergent - ANSWER-Coming together
Subduction - ANSWER-Sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into
the mantle beneath another plate
, Soil - ANSWER-A mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many
organisms that together support the life on Earth
Water Cycle - ANSWER-A continuous circulation of water throughout earth and the
atmosphere
Precipitation - ANSWER-Any form of water that falls from clouds. Rain and snow are
examples of this.
Evaporation - ANSWER-When water turns from a liquid to a gas
Condensation - ANSWER-When water vapor turns back into a liquid-water collects as
droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds
Transpiration - ANSWER-When plants suck water from roots to the small pores in the
leaves, releasing water vapor into the atmosphere
What are the main stages of the water cycle? - ANSWER-Evaporation, condensation,
precipitation, and transpiration
What are the soil layers in order? - ANSWER-Top soil. Subsoil. Bedrock
Hadean Eon - ANSWER-4.5 billion. Earth is formed out of debris around the solar
protoplanetary disk. There is no life. Temperatures are extremely hot with frequent
volcanic activity. The moon is formed around this time.
Archean Eon - ANSWER-2.5 billion. Prokaryote life, the first form of life, emerges. The
atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases
Proterozoic Eon - ANSWER-541 million. Eukaryotes, a more complex form of life,
emerge, including some forms of multicellular organisms. Bacteria begin producing
oxygen, shaping the 3rd and current of Earth's atmospheres. Plants, animals (later in
this time period), and possibly earlier forms of fungi form around this time.
Phanerozoic Eon - ANSWER-541 million-present. Complex life, including vertebrates,
begin to dominate Earth's ocean. Gradually, life expands to land, and familiar forms of
plants, animals, and fungi begin appearing. Animals-including humans-evolve at the
most recent phases of this eon
When did scientists estimate the life on earth began? - ANSWER-3.8 billion years ago
How old do scientists believe the Earth is? - ANSWER-4.5 billion years old
igneous rock - ANSWER-Made from lava or magma. Glassy, smooth surface, gas
bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals.
Purple Book Notes and Information
Test
Mantle - ANSWER-Is not liquid, but ductile or plastic, which means that some parts can
flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure.
Composed mainly of aluminum and silicates
Crust - ANSWER-The outermost solid layer of earth. It is the lithosphere.
Core - ANSWER-The innermost layers of the Earth. Mainly composed of nickel and iron
Inner Core - ANSWER-Solid. Temperatures and pressures are extreme.
Outer Core - ANSWER-A layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere. The
only layer of Earth that is a true liquid
What is the outer core made up of? - ANSWER-Nickel and iron
Lithosphere - ANSWER-The outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth.
Includes the crust, and the top of the mantle
Biosphere - ANSWER-The global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms
Atmosphere - ANSWER-The layer of gases that surround the planet
Troposphere - ANSWER-The lowest layer of the atmosphere. Contains weather.
Hydrosphere - ANSWER-All the water on earth
Cryosphere - ANSWER-The masses of frozen water
What percentage of Nitrogen makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-78%
What percentage of Oxygen makes up the earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-21%
What percentage of Argon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-.09%
,What percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the Earth's atmosphere? -
ANSWER-.01%
What percentage of Helium and neon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER-
Small traces
Geologic formations are formation made from what? - ANSWER-Rocks
Mountains - ANSWER-Formed as a result of Earth's tectonic plates smashing together
Volcanoes - ANSWER-Formed when magma from within Earth's upper mantle erupts
through the surface
Canyons - ANSWER-Formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of
rivers. Also formed by tectonic activity.
Earthquakes - ANSWER-Usually caused when plates rub against each other in the
opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden
release of energy causes seismic waves to make the ground shake
Ring of Fire - ANSWER-A ring of volcanoes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Seismic Waves - ANSWER-An elastic wave caused by an earthquake
Primary (P waves) - ANSWER-These are the fastest of the three types of seismic
waves and can travel through solid, liquid, and gases
Secondary (S waves) - ANSWER-Travel through the Earth's interior at about half the
speed of primary waves. Can travel through rocks, but not liquids or gases
Surface Waves - ANSWER-Seismic waves that move along Earth's surface, not through
its interior. Slowest of the three types of seismic waves
Tsunamis - ANSWER-Giant waves caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruptions
under the sea
Plate Tectonics - ANSWER-The theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several
plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates
move and separate, causing earth to separate and change
Divergent - ANSWER-Pulling apart
Convergent - ANSWER-Coming together
Subduction - ANSWER-Sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into
the mantle beneath another plate
, Soil - ANSWER-A mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many
organisms that together support the life on Earth
Water Cycle - ANSWER-A continuous circulation of water throughout earth and the
atmosphere
Precipitation - ANSWER-Any form of water that falls from clouds. Rain and snow are
examples of this.
Evaporation - ANSWER-When water turns from a liquid to a gas
Condensation - ANSWER-When water vapor turns back into a liquid-water collects as
droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds
Transpiration - ANSWER-When plants suck water from roots to the small pores in the
leaves, releasing water vapor into the atmosphere
What are the main stages of the water cycle? - ANSWER-Evaporation, condensation,
precipitation, and transpiration
What are the soil layers in order? - ANSWER-Top soil. Subsoil. Bedrock
Hadean Eon - ANSWER-4.5 billion. Earth is formed out of debris around the solar
protoplanetary disk. There is no life. Temperatures are extremely hot with frequent
volcanic activity. The moon is formed around this time.
Archean Eon - ANSWER-2.5 billion. Prokaryote life, the first form of life, emerges. The
atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases
Proterozoic Eon - ANSWER-541 million. Eukaryotes, a more complex form of life,
emerge, including some forms of multicellular organisms. Bacteria begin producing
oxygen, shaping the 3rd and current of Earth's atmospheres. Plants, animals (later in
this time period), and possibly earlier forms of fungi form around this time.
Phanerozoic Eon - ANSWER-541 million-present. Complex life, including vertebrates,
begin to dominate Earth's ocean. Gradually, life expands to land, and familiar forms of
plants, animals, and fungi begin appearing. Animals-including humans-evolve at the
most recent phases of this eon
When did scientists estimate the life on earth began? - ANSWER-3.8 billion years ago
How old do scientists believe the Earth is? - ANSWER-4.5 billion years old
igneous rock - ANSWER-Made from lava or magma. Glassy, smooth surface, gas
bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals.
