EMD COURSE LATEST 2026 EXAM TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Tiered EMS System Structures (Not all systems have these tiers) - ✔✔An EMS
system with more than 1 level of response
Tier 1 (First Responders)
- Police and fire departments
- Normally trained in BLS
Tier 2 (Basic Life Support)
- Transport ambulance
- Normally staffed by EMTs
- Trained in Patient Assessment, Minor Injuries, Performing CPR
Tier 3 (Advanced Life Support)
- Ambulance or non-transport capable chase vehicle
- Staffed by 2 paramedics
- Work under a physician's license
- Capable of cardiac monitoring, drug therapy, and breathing support methods
Tier 4 (Aeromedical services)
-Advanced Life Support
- Paramedics
- Nurses
Used to transport most severe cases where transport time to the hospital may be the
determining factor in the patient's survival
✔✔Response Modes - ✔✔"Cold" responses
- No lights, no sirens
- Responders are a part of normal traffic flow
"Hot" responses
- Lights and sirens
- Emergency vehicle traffic laws still apply
- May be permitted to exceed the speed limit
✔✔Liability - ✔✔You are ultimately responsible for your actions/lack of action
✔✔Negligence - ✔✔- Failure to act or perform in a particular situation as any other
reasonable, prudent dispatcher (with the same or similar training) would under the same
or similar circumstances
- Failure to meet standard of care
✔✔Proving Negligence - ✔✔To prove negligence, the court must determine 4 things:
1. Duty
2. Breach of Duty
3. Injury/Damage
4. Proximate Cause/Causation
- All 4 components must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt
, ✔✔Two Types of Negligence - ✔✔- Simple negligence - negligent conduct that was not
purposeful or due to "malicious intent"
- Gross negligence - a negligent action that was undertaken with malicious intent and
with willful disregard for the safety of persons and/or property
✔✔Standard of Care and Establishing it - ✔✔The court generally uses four measures of
conduct to determine the local "standard of care". These four measures are:
1. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to others with similar
training and experience
2. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to locally approved
protocols and guidelines
3. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to local or state statutes,
local ordinances, case law or administrative orders that address the standard of care
4) The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to professional standards
published by organizations involved in the development of emergency medical service
standards such as the National Academy of Emergency Medical Service Physicians
(NAEMSP) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
✔✔Abandonment - ✔✔Leaving a patient after care has been initiated and before the
patient has been transferred to someone with equal or greater medical training.
✔✔Foreseeability - ✔✔You must solely rely on the information you get from callers (you
can't actually see what is happening at the scene)
✔✔Detrimental Reliance - ✔✔A person expects that a certain action will be taken based
on the fact that it has been reported in the media ("it was done before for other people"),
public education or through simple reasonable expectation. If this action does not occur
then the person can claim that they "relied" on the system to act in a certain way, and
by doing so it ended up hurting them.
✔✔Consent - ✔✔Refers to permission to treat the sick or injured
✔✔Two Types of Consent - ✔✔- Implied consent - refers to situations where if patients
are unconscious and can't respond, it is safe for us to assume that they would want to
be helped
- Actual Consent is direct verbal or non-verbal communication to someone giving aid.
✔✔Immunity - ✔✔- Bystander immunity
- Good Samaritan Law
- Not getting paid, acting in good faith, and not participating in negligence
- Governmental immunity
- Covered if you work for the state, municipal, or local agency
- Not covered for third party
✔✔Patient Confidentiality - ✔✔Issues in confidentiality:
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Tiered EMS System Structures (Not all systems have these tiers) - ✔✔An EMS
system with more than 1 level of response
Tier 1 (First Responders)
- Police and fire departments
- Normally trained in BLS
Tier 2 (Basic Life Support)
- Transport ambulance
- Normally staffed by EMTs
- Trained in Patient Assessment, Minor Injuries, Performing CPR
Tier 3 (Advanced Life Support)
- Ambulance or non-transport capable chase vehicle
- Staffed by 2 paramedics
- Work under a physician's license
- Capable of cardiac monitoring, drug therapy, and breathing support methods
Tier 4 (Aeromedical services)
-Advanced Life Support
- Paramedics
- Nurses
Used to transport most severe cases where transport time to the hospital may be the
determining factor in the patient's survival
✔✔Response Modes - ✔✔"Cold" responses
- No lights, no sirens
- Responders are a part of normal traffic flow
"Hot" responses
- Lights and sirens
- Emergency vehicle traffic laws still apply
- May be permitted to exceed the speed limit
✔✔Liability - ✔✔You are ultimately responsible for your actions/lack of action
✔✔Negligence - ✔✔- Failure to act or perform in a particular situation as any other
reasonable, prudent dispatcher (with the same or similar training) would under the same
or similar circumstances
- Failure to meet standard of care
✔✔Proving Negligence - ✔✔To prove negligence, the court must determine 4 things:
1. Duty
2. Breach of Duty
3. Injury/Damage
4. Proximate Cause/Causation
- All 4 components must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt
, ✔✔Two Types of Negligence - ✔✔- Simple negligence - negligent conduct that was not
purposeful or due to "malicious intent"
- Gross negligence - a negligent action that was undertaken with malicious intent and
with willful disregard for the safety of persons and/or property
✔✔Standard of Care and Establishing it - ✔✔The court generally uses four measures of
conduct to determine the local "standard of care". These four measures are:
1. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to others with similar
training and experience
2. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to locally approved
protocols and guidelines
3. The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to local or state statutes,
local ordinances, case law or administrative orders that address the standard of care
4) The EMD's behavior and conduct is judged in comparison to professional standards
published by organizations involved in the development of emergency medical service
standards such as the National Academy of Emergency Medical Service Physicians
(NAEMSP) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
✔✔Abandonment - ✔✔Leaving a patient after care has been initiated and before the
patient has been transferred to someone with equal or greater medical training.
✔✔Foreseeability - ✔✔You must solely rely on the information you get from callers (you
can't actually see what is happening at the scene)
✔✔Detrimental Reliance - ✔✔A person expects that a certain action will be taken based
on the fact that it has been reported in the media ("it was done before for other people"),
public education or through simple reasonable expectation. If this action does not occur
then the person can claim that they "relied" on the system to act in a certain way, and
by doing so it ended up hurting them.
✔✔Consent - ✔✔Refers to permission to treat the sick or injured
✔✔Two Types of Consent - ✔✔- Implied consent - refers to situations where if patients
are unconscious and can't respond, it is safe for us to assume that they would want to
be helped
- Actual Consent is direct verbal or non-verbal communication to someone giving aid.
✔✔Immunity - ✔✔- Bystander immunity
- Good Samaritan Law
- Not getting paid, acting in good faith, and not participating in negligence
- Governmental immunity
- Covered if you work for the state, municipal, or local agency
- Not covered for third party
✔✔Patient Confidentiality - ✔✔Issues in confidentiality:
