4/19/26, 1:30 NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
PM
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Study
Guide | Chamberlain University | Complete
Asthma, COPD, Heart Failure, Renal Failure +
Hematology Notes
Asthma Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma coughing
wheezing
shortness of
breath rapid
breathing chest
tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle
spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the
alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response asthma that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
contain
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles smooth muscle cells
contain
1/16
,4/19/26, 1:30 NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
PM
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus
plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for tiotropium and ipratropium
asthma
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis bronchial
inflammation
hypersecretion of
mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
Perfusion The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the
capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus
secretion
2/16
, 4/19/26, 1:30 NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
PM
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells
located in the lamina propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants - smooth muscle hypertrophy
promote in bronchitis? (5) - hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? causes increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what promotes hypersecretion of mucus
in the bronchials
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow
passage of toxins
and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial
do? wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
basement membranes effect the lungs?
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic respiratory acidosis
bronchitis?
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
acidosis?
Where does air enter the body? naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
Where does air go after it passes through the nose it passes through the trachea
and mouth?
After air passes through the trachea where does it goes into the left or right bronchi
go?
Where does air flow after the bronchi? into the smaller bronchioles
Where does air flow after the bronchioles? into the alveoli
3/16
PM
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Study
Guide | Chamberlain University | Complete
Asthma, COPD, Heart Failure, Renal Failure +
Hematology Notes
Asthma Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma coughing
wheezing
shortness of
breath rapid
breathing chest
tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle
spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the
alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response asthma that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
contain
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles smooth muscle cells
contain
1/16
,4/19/26, 1:30 NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
PM
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus
plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for tiotropium and ipratropium
asthma
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis bronchial
inflammation
hypersecretion of
mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
Perfusion The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the
capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the
left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus
secretion
2/16
, 4/19/26, 1:30 NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
PM
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells
located in the lamina propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants - smooth muscle hypertrophy
promote in bronchitis? (5) - hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? causes increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what promotes hypersecretion of mucus
in the bronchials
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow
passage of toxins
and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial
do? wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
basement membranes effect the lungs?
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic respiratory acidosis
bronchitis?
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
acidosis?
Where does air enter the body? naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
Where does air go after it passes through the nose it passes through the trachea
and mouth?
After air passes through the trachea where does it goes into the left or right bronchi
go?
Where does air flow after the bronchi? into the smaller bronchioles
Where does air flow after the bronchioles? into the alveoli
3/16
