NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Finals
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update
1. Six weeks ago a female patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. She then
developed a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision,
and bradycardia. What does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
A. Extreme spinal shock
B. Acute anxiety
C. Autonomic hyperreflexia
D. Parasympathetic areflexia - Correct Answer: C
2. A 72-year-old male demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower
extremities. The symptoms lasted 4 hours and resolved with no evidence of
infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n):
A. Stroke in evolution
B. AV malformation
C. Transient ischemic attack
D. Cerebral hemorrhage - Correct Answer: C
When symptoms resolve with complete recovery, it is a transient ischemic
attack
,3. A 60-year-old female with a recent history of head trauma and a long-term
history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI
reveals that she had a hemorrhagic stroke. What does the nurse suspect
caused this type of stroke?
A. Rheumatic heart disease
B. Thrombi
C. Hypotension
D. Aneurysm - Correct Answer: D
The primary causative factor of a hemorrhagic stroke is an aneurysm.
4. A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting fever,
headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness. She was previously
treated for sinusitis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Aseptic meningitis
B. Bacterial meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
D. Nonpurulent meningitis - Correct Answer: B
bacterial meningitis can occur secondary to sinusitis and is manifested by
fever, tachycardia, chills, and a petechial rash with a severe throbbing
headache, severe photophobia, and nuchal rigidity
5. A 23 y/o female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and
visual changes. Her diagnosis is multiple sclerosis (MS). What is occurring in
the patient's body?
A. Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
B. Depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS)
C. The development of neurofibril webs in the CNS
D. Reduced amounts of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction -
Correct Answer: A
The pathophysiology of MS includes demyelination of nerve fibers
,6. A young woman presents with signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection
(UTI). The nurse notes that this is the fifth UTI in as many months. What
would this information lead the nurse to believe?
A. There is possible obstruction in the urinary tract.
B. The woman has multiple sexual partners.
C. The woman takes too many bubble baths.
D. The woman does not clean herself properly. - Correct Answer: A.
Urinary tract obstruction encourages the growth of microorganisms
and should be suspected in persons with recurrent UTIs. The other
answers can cause lower UTIs, but an obstruction would be
considered because of the frequency of the infections.
7. The nurse is reviewing the lab results of a patient with suspected nephrotic
syndrome. The nurse anticipates that the results to include:
A. Protein in the urine
B. Decreased triglycerides
C. Abnormal blood clotting factors
D. Decreased low-density lipoproteins
E. Serum hyperalbuminemia - Correct Answer: A. In a person with
nephrotic syndrome there is massive proteinuria (protein in the
urine), serum hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema and
hyperlipidemia.
8. An 86-year-old female has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment
of dehydration and hyponatremia after she decreased her fluid intake to
minimize urinary incontinence. The client's admitting laboratory results are
suggestive of prerenal failure. The nurse should be assessing this client for
which of the following early signs of prerenal injury?
A. Sharp decrease in urine output
, B. Excessive voiding of clear urine
C. Acute hypertensive crisis
D. Intermittent periods of confusion - Correct Answer: A.
Dehydration and its consequent hypovolemia can result in acute renal
failure that is prerenal in etiology. The kidney normally responds to a
decrease in GFR with a decrease in urine output. Thus, an early sign
of prerenal injury is a sharp decrease in urine output. Post-renal
failure is obstructive in etiology, and intrinsic (or intrarenal) renal
failure is reflective of deficits in the function of the kidneys
themselves.
9. A nurse is assessing a client for *early* manifestations of chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Which would the nurse expect the client to display?
A. Hypertension
B. Impotence
C. Terry nails
D. Asterixis - Correct Answer: A. Hypertension is commonly an early
manifestation of CKD. The mechanisms that cause the hypertension
are multifactorial; they include increased vascular volume, increased
peripheral vascular resistance, decreased levels of renal vasodilator
prostaglandins, and increase activity of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system. Impotence occurs in as many as 56% of males on
dialysis. Terry nails are dark band just behind the leading edge of a
fingernail followed by a white band that occur in the late stages.
Asterixis, a sign of hepatic encephalopathy, is due to the inability of
the liver to metabolize ammonia to urea.
10.The GFR is considered to be the best measure of renal function. What is
used to estimate the GFR?
A. BUN
B. Serum creatinine
Pathophysiology Finals
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update
1. Six weeks ago a female patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. She then
developed a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision,
and bradycardia. What does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
A. Extreme spinal shock
B. Acute anxiety
C. Autonomic hyperreflexia
D. Parasympathetic areflexia - Correct Answer: C
2. A 72-year-old male demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower
extremities. The symptoms lasted 4 hours and resolved with no evidence of
infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n):
A. Stroke in evolution
B. AV malformation
C. Transient ischemic attack
D. Cerebral hemorrhage - Correct Answer: C
When symptoms resolve with complete recovery, it is a transient ischemic
attack
,3. A 60-year-old female with a recent history of head trauma and a long-term
history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI
reveals that she had a hemorrhagic stroke. What does the nurse suspect
caused this type of stroke?
A. Rheumatic heart disease
B. Thrombi
C. Hypotension
D. Aneurysm - Correct Answer: D
The primary causative factor of a hemorrhagic stroke is an aneurysm.
4. A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting fever,
headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness. She was previously
treated for sinusitis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Aseptic meningitis
B. Bacterial meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
D. Nonpurulent meningitis - Correct Answer: B
bacterial meningitis can occur secondary to sinusitis and is manifested by
fever, tachycardia, chills, and a petechial rash with a severe throbbing
headache, severe photophobia, and nuchal rigidity
5. A 23 y/o female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and
visual changes. Her diagnosis is multiple sclerosis (MS). What is occurring in
the patient's body?
A. Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
B. Depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS)
C. The development of neurofibril webs in the CNS
D. Reduced amounts of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction -
Correct Answer: A
The pathophysiology of MS includes demyelination of nerve fibers
,6. A young woman presents with signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection
(UTI). The nurse notes that this is the fifth UTI in as many months. What
would this information lead the nurse to believe?
A. There is possible obstruction in the urinary tract.
B. The woman has multiple sexual partners.
C. The woman takes too many bubble baths.
D. The woman does not clean herself properly. - Correct Answer: A.
Urinary tract obstruction encourages the growth of microorganisms
and should be suspected in persons with recurrent UTIs. The other
answers can cause lower UTIs, but an obstruction would be
considered because of the frequency of the infections.
7. The nurse is reviewing the lab results of a patient with suspected nephrotic
syndrome. The nurse anticipates that the results to include:
A. Protein in the urine
B. Decreased triglycerides
C. Abnormal blood clotting factors
D. Decreased low-density lipoproteins
E. Serum hyperalbuminemia - Correct Answer: A. In a person with
nephrotic syndrome there is massive proteinuria (protein in the
urine), serum hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema and
hyperlipidemia.
8. An 86-year-old female has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment
of dehydration and hyponatremia after she decreased her fluid intake to
minimize urinary incontinence. The client's admitting laboratory results are
suggestive of prerenal failure. The nurse should be assessing this client for
which of the following early signs of prerenal injury?
A. Sharp decrease in urine output
, B. Excessive voiding of clear urine
C. Acute hypertensive crisis
D. Intermittent periods of confusion - Correct Answer: A.
Dehydration and its consequent hypovolemia can result in acute renal
failure that is prerenal in etiology. The kidney normally responds to a
decrease in GFR with a decrease in urine output. Thus, an early sign
of prerenal injury is a sharp decrease in urine output. Post-renal
failure is obstructive in etiology, and intrinsic (or intrarenal) renal
failure is reflective of deficits in the function of the kidneys
themselves.
9. A nurse is assessing a client for *early* manifestations of chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Which would the nurse expect the client to display?
A. Hypertension
B. Impotence
C. Terry nails
D. Asterixis - Correct Answer: A. Hypertension is commonly an early
manifestation of CKD. The mechanisms that cause the hypertension
are multifactorial; they include increased vascular volume, increased
peripheral vascular resistance, decreased levels of renal vasodilator
prostaglandins, and increase activity of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system. Impotence occurs in as many as 56% of males on
dialysis. Terry nails are dark band just behind the leading edge of a
fingernail followed by a white band that occur in the late stages.
Asterixis, a sign of hepatic encephalopathy, is due to the inability of
the liver to metabolize ammonia to urea.
10.The GFR is considered to be the best measure of renal function. What is
used to estimate the GFR?
A. BUN
B. Serum creatinine
