Vascular ARDMS COMPREHENSIVE EXAM LATEST
2026 QUESTIONS and CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
what is the largest tributary to the IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-the hepatic veins
what is the normal flow of the hepatic veins - CORRECT ANSWER-hepatofugal
flow that is chaotic pulsatile flow pattern from transmission of RA pulsatations
what effect does CHF have on the hepatic veins - CORRECT ANSWER-they
become enlarged
Which lobe do the hepatic veins not drain - CORRECT ANSWER-the caudate
lobe
where does the right hepatic vein run - CORRECT ANSWER-coronal betwen the
anterior and posterior segments of the right lobe
where does the middle hep v run - CORRECT ANSWER-between the right and
left lobes
,where does the left hep v run - CORRECT ANSWER-between the medial and
lateral segments of the left lobe
where is the IVC located - CORRECT ANSWER-anterior to the spine and to the
right of the aorta
what is the normal size for the IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-seldom exceeds 2.5
cm but varies with respiration and cardiac cycle (inspirations limit venous return
and enlarge IVC)
what is the normal waveform for the IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-somewhat
pulsatile due to the close proximity to the RA
where do most IVC anomalies occur - CORRECT ANSWER-below the renal veins
(duplication, transposition)
what happens if the IVC is interrupted - CORRECT ANSWER-flow enters the
heart through the azygos and hemiazygos veins and the hepatics drain directly
into the right atrium
, what occurs with dupication and transposition - CORRECT ANSWER-the left
sided IVC joins left renal vein and crosses over to join normal right sided IVC
what occurs with azygos and hemiazygos IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-results from
failure of intrahepatic segment of IVC to form, flow is diverted to heart vi the
azygos and hemiazygos veins and hep veins drain directly into the rt atrium
average velocity of the aorta - CORRECT ANSWER-60-100 cm/s
what aortic pathologies affect the branches - CORRECT ANSWER-stenosis,
aneurysm, plaque
what are the normal waveforms of the proximal aorta - CORRECT ANSWER-
low resistance flow pattern with continuous forward diastolic flow by the liver
spleen, and kidneys (similar to ICA waveform)
normal waveforms for distal aorta - CORRECT ANSWER-higher resistance flow
pattern
2026 QUESTIONS and CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
what is the largest tributary to the IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-the hepatic veins
what is the normal flow of the hepatic veins - CORRECT ANSWER-hepatofugal
flow that is chaotic pulsatile flow pattern from transmission of RA pulsatations
what effect does CHF have on the hepatic veins - CORRECT ANSWER-they
become enlarged
Which lobe do the hepatic veins not drain - CORRECT ANSWER-the caudate
lobe
where does the right hepatic vein run - CORRECT ANSWER-coronal betwen the
anterior and posterior segments of the right lobe
where does the middle hep v run - CORRECT ANSWER-between the right and
left lobes
,where does the left hep v run - CORRECT ANSWER-between the medial and
lateral segments of the left lobe
where is the IVC located - CORRECT ANSWER-anterior to the spine and to the
right of the aorta
what is the normal size for the IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-seldom exceeds 2.5
cm but varies with respiration and cardiac cycle (inspirations limit venous return
and enlarge IVC)
what is the normal waveform for the IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-somewhat
pulsatile due to the close proximity to the RA
where do most IVC anomalies occur - CORRECT ANSWER-below the renal veins
(duplication, transposition)
what happens if the IVC is interrupted - CORRECT ANSWER-flow enters the
heart through the azygos and hemiazygos veins and the hepatics drain directly
into the right atrium
, what occurs with dupication and transposition - CORRECT ANSWER-the left
sided IVC joins left renal vein and crosses over to join normal right sided IVC
what occurs with azygos and hemiazygos IVC - CORRECT ANSWER-results from
failure of intrahepatic segment of IVC to form, flow is diverted to heart vi the
azygos and hemiazygos veins and hep veins drain directly into the rt atrium
average velocity of the aorta - CORRECT ANSWER-60-100 cm/s
what aortic pathologies affect the branches - CORRECT ANSWER-stenosis,
aneurysm, plaque
what are the normal waveforms of the proximal aorta - CORRECT ANSWER-
low resistance flow pattern with continuous forward diastolic flow by the liver
spleen, and kidneys (similar to ICA waveform)
normal waveforms for distal aorta - CORRECT ANSWER-higher resistance flow
pattern
