NSG 5140 Adv Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update
1. Functions of plasma - Correct Answer: carries cells that transport gases;
aids in body defenses; prevents blood loss; regulates acid-base; carries
nutrients to the tissues; aids in coagulation
2. Components of plasma - Correct Answer: proteins and fibrinogen
suspended in aqueous solution; lipids, amino acids, hormones, electrolytes
3. Albumin - Correct Answer: plasma protein; contributes to osmotic
pressure and maintenance of blood volume; serves as a carrier for certain
substances (e.g., hormones)
4. Globulins - Correct Answer: plasma protein; alpha globulins transport
bili and steroids; beta globulins transport iron and copper; gamma globulins
constitute the antibodies of the immune system
5. Fibrinogen - Correct Answer: plasma protein; converted to fibrin in the
clotting process
,6. Cellular elements of blood - Correct Answer: thrombocytes,
erythrocytes, leukocytes
7. Granulocytes - Correct Answer: leukocytes; include neutrophils,
basophils, and eosinophils
8. Agranulocytes - Correct Answer: leukocytes; include lymphocytes (b, t),
monocytes, and macrophages
9. How do common myeloid progenitors differentiate in hematopoiesis? -
Correct Answer: multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) -->
common myeloid progenitor --> megakaryocyte, erythrocyte, mast cell,
myeloblast (-->basophil, neutrophil, monocyte-->macrophage)
10.How do common lymphoid progenitors differentiate in hematopoiesis? -
Correct Answer: multipotential hematopoietic stem cell
(hemocytoblast) --> common lymphoid progenitor --> NK cell, small
lymphocyte (T, B lymphocytes --> plasma cell)
11.Platelets - Correct Answer: fragment of megakaryocyte; secretory
granules; synthesize fibrin stabilizing factor, growth factor (cytokines),
prostaglandins, enzymes
12.What are the 2 major steps in the formation of the platelet plug? -
Correct Answer: (1) platelet adhesion (2) platelet aggregation
,13.Platelet adhesion - Correct Answer: (1) injury exposes collagen fibers (2)
triggers platelets to swell and become "sticky" and "spiky" (3) glycoprotein
receptors open (4) platelets start to adhere to basement membrane at the
site of injury
14.What factor is involved in binding during platelet adhesion? - Correct
Answer: Von Willebrand factor
15.Platelet aggregation - Correct Answer: (1) platelets degranulate and
secrete various factors, creating a positive feedback mechanism (2)
myofilaments contract (3) platelets agglutinate (4) platelets aggregate (4)
platelet plug is formed
16.Coagulation cascade (basic mechanism) - Correct Answer: (1) formation
of prothrombin activator in response to tissue injury (2) prothrombin
activator catalyzes prothrombin to thrombin conversion (3) thrombin
catalyzes fibrinogen to fibrin conversion (4) fibrin threads create meshwork
that holds components of clot together
17.Extrinsic pathway for formation of prothrombin activator - Correct
Answer: rapid response: begins with trauma to tissue or blood vessel (tissue
factor-initiated);
18.Intrinsic pathway for formation of prothrombin activator - Correct
Answer: slower response: begins with blood contact with collagen from
injured vessel wall (blood or vessel injury-initiated)
, 19.Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) - Correct Answer:
widespread tissue damage results in depletion of clotting factors;
fibrinolytic system is activated; hemorrhage occurs
20.Causes of DIC - Correct Answer: secondary to other disorders
(septicemia, neoplasms, OB/GYN conditions, MODS), acute (massive insult),
or chronic (cancer)
21.Clinical manifestations of DIC - Correct Answer: mild ecchymosis, oozing
to severe bleeding, hypoxia, cyanosis, neurological and renal impairment,
microthrombi in small vessels
22.Non-ST segment elevation MI - Correct Answer: damage is subtotal;
thrombus formation with spontaneous thrombolysis. No EKG changes. cell
death results from ischemia, which causes leakage of proteins (troponin-T,
troponin-I, creatinekinase)
23.Acute myocardial infarction - Correct Answer: platelet aggregation,
thrombus formation, sustained occlusion of the vessel leading to infarction,
necrosis of ischemic tissue; 12 lead EKG changes (ST segment elevation)
24.S/s of acute MI - Correct Answer: chest pain, diaphoresis,
nausea/vomiting, syncope, palpitations, dizziness, dyspnea, cough,
abdominal pain
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update
1. Functions of plasma - Correct Answer: carries cells that transport gases;
aids in body defenses; prevents blood loss; regulates acid-base; carries
nutrients to the tissues; aids in coagulation
2. Components of plasma - Correct Answer: proteins and fibrinogen
suspended in aqueous solution; lipids, amino acids, hormones, electrolytes
3. Albumin - Correct Answer: plasma protein; contributes to osmotic
pressure and maintenance of blood volume; serves as a carrier for certain
substances (e.g., hormones)
4. Globulins - Correct Answer: plasma protein; alpha globulins transport
bili and steroids; beta globulins transport iron and copper; gamma globulins
constitute the antibodies of the immune system
5. Fibrinogen - Correct Answer: plasma protein; converted to fibrin in the
clotting process
,6. Cellular elements of blood - Correct Answer: thrombocytes,
erythrocytes, leukocytes
7. Granulocytes - Correct Answer: leukocytes; include neutrophils,
basophils, and eosinophils
8. Agranulocytes - Correct Answer: leukocytes; include lymphocytes (b, t),
monocytes, and macrophages
9. How do common myeloid progenitors differentiate in hematopoiesis? -
Correct Answer: multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) -->
common myeloid progenitor --> megakaryocyte, erythrocyte, mast cell,
myeloblast (-->basophil, neutrophil, monocyte-->macrophage)
10.How do common lymphoid progenitors differentiate in hematopoiesis? -
Correct Answer: multipotential hematopoietic stem cell
(hemocytoblast) --> common lymphoid progenitor --> NK cell, small
lymphocyte (T, B lymphocytes --> plasma cell)
11.Platelets - Correct Answer: fragment of megakaryocyte; secretory
granules; synthesize fibrin stabilizing factor, growth factor (cytokines),
prostaglandins, enzymes
12.What are the 2 major steps in the formation of the platelet plug? -
Correct Answer: (1) platelet adhesion (2) platelet aggregation
,13.Platelet adhesion - Correct Answer: (1) injury exposes collagen fibers (2)
triggers platelets to swell and become "sticky" and "spiky" (3) glycoprotein
receptors open (4) platelets start to adhere to basement membrane at the
site of injury
14.What factor is involved in binding during platelet adhesion? - Correct
Answer: Von Willebrand factor
15.Platelet aggregation - Correct Answer: (1) platelets degranulate and
secrete various factors, creating a positive feedback mechanism (2)
myofilaments contract (3) platelets agglutinate (4) platelets aggregate (4)
platelet plug is formed
16.Coagulation cascade (basic mechanism) - Correct Answer: (1) formation
of prothrombin activator in response to tissue injury (2) prothrombin
activator catalyzes prothrombin to thrombin conversion (3) thrombin
catalyzes fibrinogen to fibrin conversion (4) fibrin threads create meshwork
that holds components of clot together
17.Extrinsic pathway for formation of prothrombin activator - Correct
Answer: rapid response: begins with trauma to tissue or blood vessel (tissue
factor-initiated);
18.Intrinsic pathway for formation of prothrombin activator - Correct
Answer: slower response: begins with blood contact with collagen from
injured vessel wall (blood or vessel injury-initiated)
, 19.Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) - Correct Answer:
widespread tissue damage results in depletion of clotting factors;
fibrinolytic system is activated; hemorrhage occurs
20.Causes of DIC - Correct Answer: secondary to other disorders
(septicemia, neoplasms, OB/GYN conditions, MODS), acute (massive insult),
or chronic (cancer)
21.Clinical manifestations of DIC - Correct Answer: mild ecchymosis, oozing
to severe bleeding, hypoxia, cyanosis, neurological and renal impairment,
microthrombi in small vessels
22.Non-ST segment elevation MI - Correct Answer: damage is subtotal;
thrombus formation with spontaneous thrombolysis. No EKG changes. cell
death results from ischemia, which causes leakage of proteins (troponin-T,
troponin-I, creatinekinase)
23.Acute myocardial infarction - Correct Answer: platelet aggregation,
thrombus formation, sustained occlusion of the vessel leading to infarction,
necrosis of ischemic tissue; 12 lead EKG changes (ST segment elevation)
24.S/s of acute MI - Correct Answer: chest pain, diaphoresis,
nausea/vomiting, syncope, palpitations, dizziness, dyspnea, cough,
abdominal pain
