NSG 5140 Adv Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027
Exams Includes Frequently Tested Questions With
ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. Hyponatremia is a a serum sodium concentration below - Correct Answer: 136
mmol/L
2. Hypokalemia may be caused by - Correct Answer: Reduced potassium intake, a shift
of potassium from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid, increased aldosterone,
and increased renal excretion.
3. Alkalosis is - Correct Answer: High pH (Above 7.45)
4. Acidosis is - Correct Answer: Low pH (Below 7.35)
5. The pneumonic R.O.M.E. to help remember Respiratory/Metabolic Acid/Base stands for
- Correct Answer: R= Respiratory O= Opposite (pH & PCO2 is opposite. When pH is
high PCO2 will be opposite~ so it'll be low. When pH is low PCO2 will be be opposite~ so
it'll be high)
M= Metabolic E=Equal (pH & HCO3 are either equally/both high or equally/both low)
6. PCO2 normal levels - Correct Answer: 35-45
7. HCO3 (Bicarbonate) normal levels - Correct Answer: 22-28
8. PaO2 normal levels - Correct Answer: 80-100
,9. When pH is high and PCO2 is low then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ? -
Correct Answer: Respiratory Alkalosis
10. When pH is low and PCO2 is high then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ? -
Correct Answer: Respiratory Acidosis
11. When pH is high and HCO3 is high then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ?
- Correct Answer: Metabolic Alkalosis
12. When pH is low and HCO3 is low then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ? -
Correct Answer: Metabolic Acidosis
13. The pneumonic '2 comes before 3' is to help you remember that - Correct Answer:
RO= PCO2 ME=HCO3
PCO2 comes before 3 [RO would be the first then ME would be second{RO comes before
ME}]
14. When assessing a patients ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) levels what are the 6 steps to ask
yourself in order to interpret the correct Acid/Base Balance disorder ? - Correct
Answer: 1. Is the pH normal?
2. Is the CO2 normal?
3. Is the HCO3 normal?
4. Match the CO2 or the HCO3 with the pH
5. Does the CO2 or the HCO3 go the opposite direction of the pH?
6. Are the pO2 and the O2 saturation normal?
15. The renal system balances pH by - Correct Answer: Producing HCO3 or by eliminating
hydrogen ions (H+).
,16. The metabolic component of the ABG is - Correct Answer: HCO3 (Bicarb)
17. The respiratory component of the ABG is - Correct Answer: CO2
18. The respiratory system balances the pH - Correct Answer: By increasing or
decreasing the respiratory rate, thereby manipulating the CO2 level. Fast and deep
breathing "blows off" CO2. Conversely, slow and shallow breathing "retains" CO2.
19. If the pH is out of balance because of a respiratory disorder, what will take place in
regards to compensation - Correct Answer: The renal system that makes the
corrections to balance the pH.
20. If the pH is out of balance because of a metabolic disorder, what will take place in
regards to compensation - Correct Answer: The respiratory system will have to
compensate.
21. Compensation must come from the ______ system - Correct Answer: Opposite
22. If the CO2 is greater than 45 (or above normal range) then is it acidotic or alkalotic ? -
Correct Answer: Acidotic
23. If the HCO3 is normal, there would no compensation or compensating? - Correct
Answer: No Compensation. (If its normal theres no compensation)
24. If the HCO3 is alkalotic [high] (opposite direction) then compensation or no
compensation? - Correct Answer: Compensating
25. If HCO3 is high then its - Correct Answer: Alkalotic
, 26. In a case where HCO3 & PaO2 levels are abnormal but the pH is within normal limits
than this means - Correct Answer: it has been fully compensated
27. If the pH and HCO3- levels are both alkalotic than it would be - Correct Answer:
Metabolic Alkalosis
28. Which part of the heart is responsible for electrical impulse stimulation? - Correct
Answer: SA Node
29. Which of the following represents the measure of time from the onset of atrial
activation to the onset of ventricular activation? - Correct Answer: PR Interval
Rationale:
The PR interval measures the time of onset of atrial activation to the onset of ventricular
activation. The QRS complex represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell
depolarizations. The ST interval is the time when the entire ventricular myocardium is
depolarized. The QT interval is often called the electrical systole.
30. Which drugs have a major effect in decreasing the strength of cardiac contraction? -
Correct Answer: Calcium channel blockers
31. Rationale: CCB's block the calcium channel, prohibiting the movement of calcium into
the myocardial cell. Calcium is necessary for the activation of excitation-contraction
coupling; blocking this will decrease the strength of contraction. The other drugs are not
known to have that relationship to calcium blocking.
32. The Frank-Starling law of the heart relates to - Correct Answer: The volume of blood
in the heart at the end of diastole is directly related to the force of contraction of the
next systole. The other options do not relate to this law.
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027
Exams Includes Frequently Tested Questions With
ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. Hyponatremia is a a serum sodium concentration below - Correct Answer: 136
mmol/L
2. Hypokalemia may be caused by - Correct Answer: Reduced potassium intake, a shift
of potassium from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid, increased aldosterone,
and increased renal excretion.
3. Alkalosis is - Correct Answer: High pH (Above 7.45)
4. Acidosis is - Correct Answer: Low pH (Below 7.35)
5. The pneumonic R.O.M.E. to help remember Respiratory/Metabolic Acid/Base stands for
- Correct Answer: R= Respiratory O= Opposite (pH & PCO2 is opposite. When pH is
high PCO2 will be opposite~ so it'll be low. When pH is low PCO2 will be be opposite~ so
it'll be high)
M= Metabolic E=Equal (pH & HCO3 are either equally/both high or equally/both low)
6. PCO2 normal levels - Correct Answer: 35-45
7. HCO3 (Bicarbonate) normal levels - Correct Answer: 22-28
8. PaO2 normal levels - Correct Answer: 80-100
,9. When pH is high and PCO2 is low then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ? -
Correct Answer: Respiratory Alkalosis
10. When pH is low and PCO2 is high then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ? -
Correct Answer: Respiratory Acidosis
11. When pH is high and HCO3 is high then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ?
- Correct Answer: Metabolic Alkalosis
12. When pH is low and HCO3 is low then usually what Acid/Base Balance disorder is this ? -
Correct Answer: Metabolic Acidosis
13. The pneumonic '2 comes before 3' is to help you remember that - Correct Answer:
RO= PCO2 ME=HCO3
PCO2 comes before 3 [RO would be the first then ME would be second{RO comes before
ME}]
14. When assessing a patients ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) levels what are the 6 steps to ask
yourself in order to interpret the correct Acid/Base Balance disorder ? - Correct
Answer: 1. Is the pH normal?
2. Is the CO2 normal?
3. Is the HCO3 normal?
4. Match the CO2 or the HCO3 with the pH
5. Does the CO2 or the HCO3 go the opposite direction of the pH?
6. Are the pO2 and the O2 saturation normal?
15. The renal system balances pH by - Correct Answer: Producing HCO3 or by eliminating
hydrogen ions (H+).
,16. The metabolic component of the ABG is - Correct Answer: HCO3 (Bicarb)
17. The respiratory component of the ABG is - Correct Answer: CO2
18. The respiratory system balances the pH - Correct Answer: By increasing or
decreasing the respiratory rate, thereby manipulating the CO2 level. Fast and deep
breathing "blows off" CO2. Conversely, slow and shallow breathing "retains" CO2.
19. If the pH is out of balance because of a respiratory disorder, what will take place in
regards to compensation - Correct Answer: The renal system that makes the
corrections to balance the pH.
20. If the pH is out of balance because of a metabolic disorder, what will take place in
regards to compensation - Correct Answer: The respiratory system will have to
compensate.
21. Compensation must come from the ______ system - Correct Answer: Opposite
22. If the CO2 is greater than 45 (or above normal range) then is it acidotic or alkalotic ? -
Correct Answer: Acidotic
23. If the HCO3 is normal, there would no compensation or compensating? - Correct
Answer: No Compensation. (If its normal theres no compensation)
24. If the HCO3 is alkalotic [high] (opposite direction) then compensation or no
compensation? - Correct Answer: Compensating
25. If HCO3 is high then its - Correct Answer: Alkalotic
, 26. In a case where HCO3 & PaO2 levels are abnormal but the pH is within normal limits
than this means - Correct Answer: it has been fully compensated
27. If the pH and HCO3- levels are both alkalotic than it would be - Correct Answer:
Metabolic Alkalosis
28. Which part of the heart is responsible for electrical impulse stimulation? - Correct
Answer: SA Node
29. Which of the following represents the measure of time from the onset of atrial
activation to the onset of ventricular activation? - Correct Answer: PR Interval
Rationale:
The PR interval measures the time of onset of atrial activation to the onset of ventricular
activation. The QRS complex represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell
depolarizations. The ST interval is the time when the entire ventricular myocardium is
depolarized. The QT interval is often called the electrical systole.
30. Which drugs have a major effect in decreasing the strength of cardiac contraction? -
Correct Answer: Calcium channel blockers
31. Rationale: CCB's block the calcium channel, prohibiting the movement of calcium into
the myocardial cell. Calcium is necessary for the activation of excitation-contraction
coupling; blocking this will decrease the strength of contraction. The other drugs are not
known to have that relationship to calcium blocking.
32. The Frank-Starling law of the heart relates to - Correct Answer: The volume of blood
in the heart at the end of diastole is directly related to the force of contraction of the
next systole. The other options do not relate to this law.
