SCI 225 Pathophysiology Midterm Study Guide
Nightingale College Finals
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027
Exams Includes Frequently Tested Questions With
ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus reports frequent urination. Which
mechanism best explains this symptom?
A. Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion
B. Increased glucose in urine causing osmotic diuresis
C. Renal tubular damage from ketone bodies
D. Increased sodium retention in the kidneys
• Correct Answer: B. Increased glucose in urine causing osmotic diuresis
2. In a patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, formation of advanced
glycosylation end products (AGEs) most directly results in:
A. Increased insulin sensitivity
B. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation
C. Cellular and tissue injury
D. Decreased oxidative stress
• Correct Answer: C. Cellular and tissue injury
,3. Which pathophysiologic change is characteristic of SIADH?
A. Sodium and water loss in equal proportions
B. Excess renal water retention without sodium retention
C. Increased potassium excretion leading to dehydration
D. Decreased aldosterone secretion with sodium loss
• Correct Answer: B. Excess renal water retention without sodium
retention
4. A patient with Graves disease presents with localized swelling over the anterior
lower leg. What is the correct clinical term for this finding?
A. Myxedema coma
B. Pretibial myxedema
C. Thyroid storm
D. Cretinism
• Correct Answer: B. Pretibial myxedema
5. Acromegaly is primarily caused by excessive secretion of which hormone?
A. Thyroid hormone
B. Prolactin
C. Growth hormone
D. Cortisol
• Correct Answer: C. Growth hormone
6. Which process best describes the underlying cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin receptor resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Pancreatic exocrine failure
D. Excess glucagon secretion
, • Correct Answer: B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
7. Which clinical finding is most consistent with thyroid carcinoma?
A. Diffuse thyroid enlargement
B. Small, hard thyroid nodule
C. Exophthalmos
D. Thyroid tenderness
• Correct Answer: B. Small, hard thyroid nodule
8. Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming Type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
A. Serum ketone levels
B. Fasting plasma glucose measurement
C. Urine protein analysis
D. Serum cortisol levels
• Correct Answer: B. Fasting plasma glucose measurement
9. Which statement indicates a need for further teaching regarding diabetes
complications?
A. Hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress and vascular damage
B. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to microvascular complications
C. Hyperglycemia suppresses oxidative stress
D. Advanced glycation end products contribute to tissue injury
• Correct Answer: C. Hyperglycemia suppresses oxidative stress
10. Graves disease is best classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
, C. Type III
D. Type IV
• Correct Answer: B. Type II
11. What is the primary treatment modality for multiple myeloma?
A. Radiation therapy only
B. Chemotherapy
C. Antibiotic therapy
D. Immunosuppression reversal
• Correct Answer: B. Chemotherapy
12. Which cell type is primarily affected in acute leukemia?
A. Mature lymphocytes
B. Plasma cells
C. Blast cells
D. Platelets
• Correct Answer: C. Blast cells
13. Which laboratory finding is most consistent with disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)?
A. Elevated fibrin degradation products
B. Increased hemoglobin
C. Elevated platelet count
D. Increased serum albumin
• Correct Answer: A. Elevated fibrin degradation products
Nightingale College Finals
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027
Exams Includes Frequently Tested Questions With
ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus reports frequent urination. Which
mechanism best explains this symptom?
A. Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion
B. Increased glucose in urine causing osmotic diuresis
C. Renal tubular damage from ketone bodies
D. Increased sodium retention in the kidneys
• Correct Answer: B. Increased glucose in urine causing osmotic diuresis
2. In a patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, formation of advanced
glycosylation end products (AGEs) most directly results in:
A. Increased insulin sensitivity
B. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation
C. Cellular and tissue injury
D. Decreased oxidative stress
• Correct Answer: C. Cellular and tissue injury
,3. Which pathophysiologic change is characteristic of SIADH?
A. Sodium and water loss in equal proportions
B. Excess renal water retention without sodium retention
C. Increased potassium excretion leading to dehydration
D. Decreased aldosterone secretion with sodium loss
• Correct Answer: B. Excess renal water retention without sodium
retention
4. A patient with Graves disease presents with localized swelling over the anterior
lower leg. What is the correct clinical term for this finding?
A. Myxedema coma
B. Pretibial myxedema
C. Thyroid storm
D. Cretinism
• Correct Answer: B. Pretibial myxedema
5. Acromegaly is primarily caused by excessive secretion of which hormone?
A. Thyroid hormone
B. Prolactin
C. Growth hormone
D. Cortisol
• Correct Answer: C. Growth hormone
6. Which process best describes the underlying cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin receptor resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Pancreatic exocrine failure
D. Excess glucagon secretion
, • Correct Answer: B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
7. Which clinical finding is most consistent with thyroid carcinoma?
A. Diffuse thyroid enlargement
B. Small, hard thyroid nodule
C. Exophthalmos
D. Thyroid tenderness
• Correct Answer: B. Small, hard thyroid nodule
8. Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming Type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
A. Serum ketone levels
B. Fasting plasma glucose measurement
C. Urine protein analysis
D. Serum cortisol levels
• Correct Answer: B. Fasting plasma glucose measurement
9. Which statement indicates a need for further teaching regarding diabetes
complications?
A. Hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress and vascular damage
B. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to microvascular complications
C. Hyperglycemia suppresses oxidative stress
D. Advanced glycation end products contribute to tissue injury
• Correct Answer: C. Hyperglycemia suppresses oxidative stress
10. Graves disease is best classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
, C. Type III
D. Type IV
• Correct Answer: B. Type II
11. What is the primary treatment modality for multiple myeloma?
A. Radiation therapy only
B. Chemotherapy
C. Antibiotic therapy
D. Immunosuppression reversal
• Correct Answer: B. Chemotherapy
12. Which cell type is primarily affected in acute leukemia?
A. Mature lymphocytes
B. Plasma cells
C. Blast cells
D. Platelets
• Correct Answer: C. Blast cells
13. Which laboratory finding is most consistent with disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)?
A. Elevated fibrin degradation products
B. Increased hemoglobin
C. Elevated platelet count
D. Increased serum albumin
• Correct Answer: A. Elevated fibrin degradation products
