NSG500 / NSG 500 Exam 1 V1 | Latest 2026/2027 Update | Advanced Health Assessment | Wilkes | Practice Questions & Accurate Solutions

GRADED A++++++++++ NSG500 / NSG 500 Exam 1 V1 | Latest 2026/2027 Update | Advanced Health Assessment | Wilkes | Practice Questions & Accurate Solutions Q: Why was Florence Nightingale essential for the birth of nursing leadership. Answer -She was the first person to bring systematic standards to nursing education. -When recruited t be a British military nurse she noticed the hospitals were infested with vermin and lacked clean sheets and other things. -Despite direct Opposition from the physicians, Nightingale gathered the other nurses and military wives to improve the conditions of the hospitals using her own money and would go on to other Crimean war hospitals. Ultimately, she reduced the mortality rate for injured soldiers from 40% to 2.2% by insuring that they had nursing care, sunshine, and fresh air in a clean environment. Q: What did Nightingale experience when she was called to a field hospital? Answer -She was called to assist in a field hospital at a war, noticed the conditions were horrible for the patients (dirty, crowded). She opened the windows and cleaned the place up by including fresh air, cleanliness and sunshine. GRADED A++++++++++ Q: What 4 things did Nightingale ensure that wounded solders have that reduced the mortality rate? Answer nursing care sunshine fresh air and a clean environment Q: What ideas did Nightingale use in her model for nursing education Answer She held that nurses needed not only to carry out the physician's orders but to understand why those orders were appropriate, which was a revolutionary idea for the time. She planned for lectures by physicians and for bedside training and supervision by the nursing superintendent and her assistants. Nightingale believed that nurses needed to understand the symptoms of the diseases of their patients, what the symptoms and changes in symptoms indicated, and the reason behind the symptoms. Nurses needed to be able to observe the patient for changes that occurred in the absence of the physician and communicate these changes to the physician. She also planned for training the trainers, preparing the nurses who would teach the students. She insisted that the superintendent nurse have ultimate authority about students GRADED A++++++++++ Q: Describe 19th centrury nursing education Answer Nurses were not formally educated by universitities. The American Medical Assosiation created nursing schools where physicians over saw nursing education. -This was a direct contrast to Nightingales schools where nurse leaders were the forefront of education Q: Issues with 19th century nursing education Answer -It was oversaw by physicians almost completely male -The nurses lives were under scrutiny by the hospital administrators and physicians -nurses were not allowed to get married -nurses had to adhere to strict dress code -Students lives were controlled by the hospital their school was in -ultimately nurses that graduate from the program were obedient, did not question "authority", -the AMA published a journal that insisted higher education for women lead to infertility. It harped on the notion that educating nurses would detract them from procreation Q: What makes a professional Answer -Self regulation -members of the professio provide a service to socity GRADED A++++++++++ -A set of skills based on its standards -a set of standards used to monitor and evalute the profession so we understand the guildlines and can teach these guidelines -an expected code of conduct Q: What impact did the first women in leadership in nursing in America Answer -During the progressive Era, women in nursing met to discuess the need for nurisng leadership and essentually developed what would become the National League for Nursing (NLN) the profession want regulated -the NLN wrote the standards for nursing --At the time anyone could call themselves a nurse and so the the American nurisng association was developed to regulate the nursing profession -The ANA sought to develop a nursing license to hold people accountable and only those who have the license are able to perform those dutites Q: Nursing in 20th century USA Answer -nurses were graduating from diploma programs -more hospitals were employing nurses -A few baccalureate programs were initiated in college and universities most notable Johns Hopkins and Columbia -nurses made a difference in the health of the poor through services of publichealth -mid 20th century saw nursing education move into institutions of higher education GRADED A++++++++++ Q: What two major shifts occured during the womens movement in nursing with the baby boombers Answer First, record numbers of women of this generation, supported by the women's movement, entered the workforce through nursing, representing the largest cohort to ever enter nursing. At the same time, the expansion of nursing education into community colleges through associate degree programs increased access to nursing education - Secondly, nurses became more educated. As more nurses attended community colleges and universities to start their careers, unlike earlier generations of nurses, they changed nursing into an academically grounded profession. These baby boomers transformed nursing from a temporary vocation that women left for marriage and motherhood into a lifelong career Q: Short changes at the end of the 20th century Answer -There was a critical shortage or nurses that lead to nursing schools lowering their standards to move nurses through their graduate school pipe line -As a result, a largre group of nurses failed national license exams so the American medical association developed a new category of health care working called the regi Q: early 21st century nursing Answer -school of nursing enrollment plummeted because of the availability of other professions for women, turmoil in the healthcare system such as lay offs and difficulty for new grad nurses to find a job, and the idea that nursing is a low paying career -the low nursing enrollment lead to another nursing shortage GRADED A++++++++++ -eventually school had a surplus of nursing students because the media carries stories of new demand for nurses, johnson and johnson included links about nursing, literature expressed the demand for nursing -organizations expressed concerns for health and safety issues that accompanied a nursing shortage -leaders of the major nursing orgs then lobbied for federal funding to support the growth of nursing education. this become now as the Nursing Reinvestment act of 2002 but was always underfunded -The Obama administration included a 263$ million HRSA to address the nursing shortage by increasing federal funding for critical shortage facilities, scholarships and loans or repayment programs Q: Expansion of Doctoral education for new leadership rolls Answer - in the fall of 2008 158 doctoral programs in nursing were offered -eventually the DNP took the place of other doctoral nursing program which provided an appropriate path to increase the number of nurses who can serve as clinical faculty and doctorally prepared practitioners -the ANA began to face opposition from the AMA about the DNP program using the work "doctor" -the AACNs promise is that the DNP program will create a new generation of nurse leaders with a focus on organizational and system leadership and shaping public policy. Men in nursing Answer -men typically worked in psych units -men were advanced further than women into managerial positions GRADED A++++++++++ -men usually worked in religious or military organizations What is nursing defined by the ANA? 1) Protecting, promoting and advancing clients health 2) Averting illness and injuries through health promotion 3) Using nursing process to facilitate client's recovery from illness or injury 4) Minimizing/eliminating client suffering 5) Advocating care/health of client, family or community Florence nightingale Answer 1) Correlation between infection and unclean conditions 2) Recognized importance of careful data collection via note taking, graphs & charts 3) Reported data to authorities to create change 4) Provided foundation for current practice in infection control strategies 5) Recognized connection of calming fears and instilling hope and their positive impact on healing Clara Barton Answer 1) Founded the American Red Cross 2) Formalized nursing education Dorthea Dix Answer 1) Mental health awareness GRADED A++++++++++ 2) Indigenous rights Eddie Bernice Johnson 1) US congressional representative 2) Created opportunities for minorities Diploma Nurse 3 yrs hospital education- no longer exists ADN 2 year associates degree nursing program BSN 4 year bachelor of science program Graduate Nursing 1) Masters of science in nursing or doctoral education 2) MSN, DNP, PHD 3) Certifications: APRN Care provider Identify health care needs of an individual and personally performs the caregiving service GRADED A++++++++++ Case Manager 1) Coordinates medical services on behalf of a patient 2) Works with client, family & healthcare team Researcher 1) Develop nursing knowledge by conducting research and publishing results 2) Work in labs, hospitals, universities 3) Require PHD Educator 1) Provide education to new nurses Leader 1) Assigned: Nurse manager, nurse director, chief nurse officer 2) Emergent: Strong influence due to knowledge and relationships Manager 1) Assigned leadership role 2) Hiring, orienting, scheduling and evaluating nurses 3) Problem solve for staff, clients and agencies Change agent 1) All nurses can serve as change agents GRADED A++++++++++ 2) Nurse who brings innovation for improvement through knowledge, critical thinking, objectivity and practice Nursing Competencies 1) Knowledge attitudes, values and skills nurses are expected to know to provide safe care 1) Advocacy 2) Change management 3) Communication 4) Collaboration Nursing Organizations 1) National academy of medicine (NAM): Nonprofit provides objective data to improve health of society. Emphasizes scientific evidence based approach 2) National student nurses association (NSNA): Nonprofit for nursing students introduces them to professional development. Prepares students for initial licensure and educates them about standard nursing practice 3) American Nurse Association (ANA): Provides standards and guidelines that promote nursing practice that clearly outline the values and priorities for nurses. Includes code of ethics for nurses, nursing scope and standards of practice, principles of nursing practice and ANA Healthy people 2030 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans Impaired nursing Nurses practicing while under the influence GRADED A++++++++++ Health promotion Enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health Opioid epidemic A serious public health problem that has been caused by overuse of prescription drugs. Scope of Nursing Practice Alleviate client suffering and promote client healing by competent nursing practice and professional performance QSEN competencies Quality and safety education for nursing competencies 1) Patient-centered care 2) Teamwork and collaboration 3) Evidence-based practice 4) Quality improvement 5) Safety 6) Informatics Assessment RN can independently perform client assessments Analisis RN can perform triage, determine priorities of client care and determine implications of client findings in different situations GRADED A++++++++++ Planning RN develop client's plan of care Implementation RN provide comprehensive nursing care, develop and implement teaching plans, and lead or participate in interdisciplinary care Evaluation RN can evaluate client responses to care, revise the plan of care based on client responses, and initiate referrals NCLEX 1) National Council Licensure Examination for nurse licensure 2) If failed, you have to wait a minimum of 45 days to retake 3) Minimum number of questions 75 and maximum of 265 Health Care reform (ACA) 1) Affordable care act 2) Intended to improve health care quality while lower costs and increasing access to care 3) Expanded to include 138% of fed poverty level 4) Main focus: Disease prevention State Regulation GRADED A++++++++++ 1) Each state has regulations that healthcare organizations must comply 2) Each state has child health insurance program 3) Each state has board of nursing Magnet Recognition Program Goals 1) Program that recognizes excellence in nursing care 2) Based on an evidence based-study 3) Need to apply into it Patient Satisfaction 1) Hospital consumer assessment of healthcare providers and systems 2) Press Ganey survey Medicare 1) 65 or older, or younger than 65 with disabilities 2) Consist of A (Hospitals), B (Services) and D (Drugs) Medicaid 1) Eligibility determined by income in relation to poverty Children's Health Insurance Program Provides health aid for children whose families can't qualify for Medicaid GRADED A++++++++++ Social and Physical Determinants of health Social) Economic stability, education, social and community contacts, neighborhood, health/healthcare Physical) Related to physical environment Levels of Care Across the Health care setting 1) Primary care: Screens clients for routine illness 2) Community care: Focus on group rather than individual 3) Acute Care: Brief admission to treat/stabilize patient 4) Long-term care facility: Client's don't need specific nursing but need a place to live 5) Skilled nursing facility: Short term rehabilitation 6) Long-term care hospital: Hospitalization for long-term illnesses 7) Assisted living: Provides services for mostly independent people who want to live in a community settings 8) Hospice care: Care for individuals with less than 6 months to live 9) Palliative care: Make client's feel as comfortable as possible during their illness. They may receive both pain medication and active treatment for their disease 10) Respite care: Gives caregiver a break from responsibilities for a short time 11) Home care: Care in the home Interprofessional Health care team members 1) APRN 2) Case Manager 3) Dentist 4) Dietician 5) LPN 6) Naturopathic physician 7) Occupational therapist GRADED A++++++++++ 8) EMT 9) Pharmacist 10) Physical therapist 11) Physician 12) PA 13) Respiratory therapist 14) RN 15) Social worker 16) Assistive personnel Seven Pillars of self-care 1) Health Literacy 2) Mental Well-being 3) Physical Activity 4) Healthy Eating 5) Risk Avoidance or Mitigation (abstinence) 6) Good Hygiene 7) Rational Use of Products and Services (overdose/ underdose) Risk Factors 1) Condition that increases likelihood of developing a disease or altered health condition Modifiable risk factors 1) Tobacco use 2) Unhealthy diet 3) Sedentary lifestyle GRADED A++++++++++ 4) Excessive alcohol consumption Nonmodifiable risk factors 1) Age 2) Gender 3) Race/ethnicity 4) Family history Levels of prevention 1) Primary: Changing behaviors or minimizing exposures 2) Secondary: Early and routine screening 3) Tertiary: Controlling chronic effects of pre-existing health issue 4) Quaternary: Protecting clients from excessive use of medical interventions that cause more harm than good HIPPA 1) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 2) Protects individual 3) Health insurance coverage 4) Healthcare privacy: Protected health information Controlled substances schedules and examples 1) Schedule 1: Heroin, marijuana, LSD 2) Schedule 2: Amphetamines, fentanyl 3) Schedule 3: Codeine, ketamine GRADED A++++++++++ 4) Schedule 4: Lorazepam, diazepam 5) Schedule 5: Cough w/codeine, ezogabine Health Disparities 1) Differences in health outcomes among groups Government entities promoting and regulating Health Care 1) Agency for healthcare research and quality: Maintain and improve safety, quality, accessibility and affordability 2) Administration on aging: Protect older adults and the people who provide their care 3) CDC: Diseases 4) Administration for children and families: Issues on children 5) FDA: Safety and quality of food, products and drugs 6) Indian health service: Raise the health of American Indians and Alaska natives 7) National institutes of health: Fostering knowledge through research 8) Substance abuse and mental health services administration: Offers resources for treatment to those with mental illnesses 9) Department of Defense: Healthcare to the countries military personnel 10) Department of Labor: Protects laborers where do you check pulse for children 2 radial (week 1 ppt) where do you check pulse for children 2 apical (week 1 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what is normal HR for 1-2yrs 70-150bpm(week 1 ppt) what is normal HR for 2-6yrs 68-138bpm(week 1 ppt) what is normal HR for 6-10yrs 65-125bpm(week 1 ppt) what is normal resp for early childhood 20-40resp/min(week 1 ppt) what is normal resp for late childhood 15-25resp/min(week 1 ppt) what muscle do children less than 7 use to breath ABD/diaphragmatic breathers(week 1 ppt) where to take temp for younger than 3months rectal; norm is 37.5 (98.6-99.5) (week 1 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what does FLACC stand for Faces, Legs, Activity, Crying, Consolability (week 1 ppt) what ages is FLACC used for 2months - 7yrs/non-verbal (week 1 ppt) what is considered outside growth parameters less than 5% or greater than 95% (week 1 ppt) to what age do we measure head circumference up to 24-36months old or if head size is questionnable like shunts or premature births (week 1 ppt) normal head circumference should be equal to chest circumference up to 1-2yrs; chest head if 2yrs (week 1 ppt) what is common schedule of tooth eruption generally begins by 6months; begins with lower & upper incisors; majority of toddlers have full 20teeth by age 2yrs (week 1 ppt) what is the denver development scale assessments developmental stages for ages 0-6; has 125 items divided into 4 parts-social, language, fine motor, & gross motor () GRADED A++++++++++ how to assess head/skull palpate sutures/fontanels/fractures/swelling; assess head control (week 1 ppt) how old when posterior fontanel closes 2 months (week 1 ppt) how old when anterior fontanel closes 12-18months (week 1 ppt) when is it a red flag for infant unable to hold head erect 6months- may indicate cerebral injury, requires further developmental/neurological eval (week 1 ppt) what is tortocollis (Wryneck) contraction of sternocleidomastoid muscle causing head to tilt to involved side (week 1 ppt) what can be done about tortocollis neck stretching exercises; may order PT and reassess in 2-4weeks; infant may have hip dysplasia as well so assess for that via ultrasound () what is the red light reflex exam assessing determines clarity of posterior chamber of eye/receptivity to light/and sensitivity of retina to visual stimulus(week 1 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what are abnormalities of the red light reflex exam dark spots in the red reflex, blunted reflex on one side, lack of red reflex, or the presence of white reflex all indicate referral to ophthalmology (week 1 ppt) what do the abnormalities mean possible early detection of cataracts, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, systemic diseases with ocular manifestations (week 1 ppt) how to test relight reflex use ophthalmascope set to 0, place at 15-25 degree angle lateral to eye and back 12inchs; look for symmetry and brightness (week 1 ppt) what is strabismus when the eyes do not line up in the same direction (medlineplus) what is the hirschberg test the corneal light reflex (week 1 ppt) how to test corneal light reflex have child look at an object, position a penlight resting on the object at eye level with the child and the examiner at eye level with the child, the light from penlight should be symmetrical in each child's pupil (week 1 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what are the signs that if positive may indicate hip dysplasia ortolani's & barlows; galeazzi's, gluteal folds (week 1 ppt) how to test for hip dysplasia with child supine & knees flexed bilaterally, grasp thigh and adduct while applying downward pressure; if you feel a clunk its positive for dysplasia (week 1 ppt) what is galeazzi's sign while supine, with feet flat on table and knees flexed, if knees are unequals it's positive sign for dysplasia (week 1 ppt) how to test for scoliosis use Adam's forward bend test; greater than 5 degrees curve needs further eval (week 1 ppt) when are primitive/infant reflexes abnormal asymmetrical, absent, or present after 6months (week 1 ppt) what is the moro/startle reflex pull infant up by hands then gently drop; response should be arms extend & abduct, hands open, fingers fan out, then arms flex & adduct (week 1 ppt) what is the asymmetrical tonic neck (fencing pose) head on flat surface and turn head 90degrees; response is arm and leg extend on same side infant is turned towards and opposite side flex (week 1 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what is stepping reflex hold infant upright under arms above the table with palmar surface of feet just touching the surface; response should be stepping motion (week 1 ppt) what is placing reflex hold infant upright under arms close to a table and let the dorsal top of foot touch the underside of the table; response should be flexion of the hip and knee followed by extension to try and place foot on table (week 1 ppt) what is rooting reflex touch/stroke cheek; response baby turns toward stimulus (week 1 ppt) what is sucking reflex gently stroke lips; response baby opens mouth and starts sucking (week 1 ppt) what is palmar/plantar grasp reflex touch middle of hand/foot and the hand/foot closes around stimulus (week 1 ppt) what is parachute reflex hold prone and firmly supported then slowly lower toward flat surface; response should be extend arms and legs; this appears at 8-9months (week 1 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what is truncal incurvation/galant reflex hold infant suspended in prone and stroke along spine lightly with fingernail; response is hips and buttocks curve/turn toward stimulus side (week 1 ppt) what is plantar/babinski's reflex in infants stroke sole of foot; response is smaller toes fan out and big toe dorsiflex slowly; disappears by 12-24months (week 1 ppt) What does OLDCART stand for Onset, Location, Duration, Characteristics, Aggravating, Relieving factor, Timing (week 2 ppt) what age to expect infant to grasp a toy 1 month no; 1 yr yes (week 2 ppt) what does HEEADSSS (assessment for adolescents Home environment, education, Eating, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Suicide/depression, Safety (week 2 ppt) is review of systems subj or obj subjective only; physical exam is obj. (week 2 ppt) what are the parts of general survey apparent state of health, LOC, signs of distress, Skin color or obvious lesions, dress/grooming/personal hygiene (week 2 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what is the SOAP format subjective data, objective data, assessment, pain (week 2 ppt) what are the 5 Ps Partners, Prevention of pregnancy, Protection from STDs, Practices, Past Hx of STDs (week 2 ppt) how to assess readiness for toilet training voluntary sphincter control, stay dry for 2hrs, fine motor skills to remove clothes, curiosity about adults/siblings toileting, inpatient with wet diapers (week 3 ppt) What is trust vs mistrust phase Birth-18months (week 3 ppt) What stage is autonomy vs shame&doubt 2-3yrs (week 3ppt) What stage is initiative vs guilt 3-5yrs (week 3ppt) What stage is industry vs inferiority 6-11yrs (week 3 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ What stage is identity vs role confusion 12-18yrs (week 3 ppt) What stage is intimacy vs isolation 19-40yrs (week 3 ppt) What stage is generatively vs stagnation 40-65yrs (week 3ppt) What stage is Ego integrity vs despair 65-death (week 3ppt) What is normal growth chart for first 12months 5-7oz gain per week for 1st 5-6 months; double birthweight by 6months, triple birth weight by 12 months (week 3 ppt) Health screening for 1month Length, weight, HC, vision, hearing, metabolic Health screening for 2, 4, 6 months Length, weight, HC, vision, hearing, developmental GRADED A++++++++++ Health screening for 9 months Length, weight, HC, vision, hearing, development, H&h, lead level if at risk Health screening for 12 months Same as 9 months may as TB if at risk health screening for 15/18 months length, weight, vision, and developmental (week 3 ppt) health screening for 2yrs height, weight, BMI, vision, hearing, H&H, lead level, UA if indicated (week 3 ppt) health screening for 3yrs height, weight, BMI, vision, hearing, language, dental, H&H, lead level, &UA if indicated (week 3 ppt) motor behavior at 3yrs walking, running, jumping, ride a tricycle, walks on tiptoe, balances on one foot, builds tower on 9-10 cubes, copies circle (week 3 ppt) motor behavior at 4yrs GRADED A++++++++++ skips and hops on one foot, catches ball, uses scissors, lace shoes, copies square, 3-part stick figure (week 3 ppt) motor behavior at 5yrs skips on alternate feet, jumps rope, learns to skate/swim, ties shoelaces, uses pencils well, prints a few letters, 9-part stick figure (week 3 ppt) health screening 6-10yrs height, weight, BMI, vision, hearing, dental (week 3 ppt) health screening 11-12yrs height, weight, BMI, vision, hearing, dental, cholesterol screening, annual H&H for menstruating females, UA & STD screening for sexually active males and females, injury prevention (week 3 ppt) what is diphtheria incubation is usually 2-5 days, contagious about 2-4 weeks or after 3 negative cultures; manifest as cold, frank epistaxis (week 4 ppt) treatment for diphtheria iv diphtheria antitoxin & antibiotics (week 4 ppt) incubation and contagiousness of pertussis/whooping cough incubation for 6-21 days but usually 7-10; most contagious during catarrhal stage/inflammation membranes before onset of sypmptoms (week 4 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ treatment of pertussis/whooping cough tx with erythromycin (week 4 ppt) manifestations of measles/rubeola usually begins around ears & hairline, concentrated mostly on face & trunk-koplik spots; treat symptoms, its a virus (week 4 ppt) manifesting of mumps incubation period in 14-21 days; most contagious right before and after swelling begins; tx symptoms-its a virus (week 4 ppt) what is rubella german measles; virus usually lasts about 3 days; rash and body covered in maculopapular exanthema; tx symptoms (week 4 ppt) how do you tx chicken pox antiviral acyclovir (week 4 ppt) what is roseola infantum hallmarks sign is rash appearance after fever spikes declines; not usually around any sick persons; usually affects 6months-3yrs old (week 4 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ what are pediculous bugs lice; don't jump like fleas; tx with pyrethrins or premthrin; non-chemical repeated combing or olive oil under shower cap, boil combs & brushes; place non-washable items in ziplock bag for 2 weeks (week 4 ppt) how to treat tinea capitis griseofulvin; selenium shampoo (week 4 ppt) what is an antibody protein found in the blood that is produced as a response to bacteria/virus (week 4 ppt) what is an antigen foreign substance in the body that is capable of causing a disease (week 4 ppt) nursing care for immunizations mild illness and low grade fever not contraindication; longer needle=fewer local reactions (week 4 ppt) what does Hib vaccine protect against nothing to do with flu; protects against bacterial meningitis, epliglottitis, bacterial pneumonia, & sepsis (week 4 ppt) what to watch for with polio vaccine must be clear, can be SC or IM (week 4 ppt) GRADED A++++++++++ meningococcal booster most people who had 1st vaccine at or after 16yr don't need a booster unless at What is apocrine gland Sweat glands only on axillae, nipples, above oral area, eyelids, external ear; secretes white fluid containing protein (ppt week 5) What is eccrine glands Opens directly onto skin surface everywhere except lip margin, nail beds, eardrums, inner surface of prepuce and glans penis (week 5 ppt) Examine lesions for: Color, size of individual or group, location, pattern, morphology (primary/secondary/vascular) week 5 ppt What is a macule Small flat spot less than 1cm (week 5 ppt) What is a patch Flat spot 1cm (week 5 ppt) What is papule GRADED A++++++++++ Elevated lesion less than 1cm What is a plaque Elevated lesion 1cm What is a nodule Marble-like lesion that extends into dermis and subcutaneous (week 5 ppt) What is a timor Nodule larger than 1-2cm and extends into deeper tissues (week 5ppt) What is a wheal Irregular, transient, superficial area of localized skin edema (week 5 ppt) What is a vesicle Circumscribed, superficial elevations of skin formed by free fluid in a cavity within skin layers (week 5 ppt) Nummular rash is Coin-like rash Annular rash is GRADED A++++++++++ Circular rash What to know about miliaria Common in newborns, due to obstruction of eccrine sweat ducts by keratin; self limiting and should resolve quickly and reduce sweating with cool baths and loose clothing (emreports) Differential dx of miliaria Scabies, herpes, candida, acne, staph; bacterial culture if suspected (emreports) Characteristics of erythema toxicum neonatoram Erythematous macules and pustules that may be present at birth or occur in 24-48hrs, palms & soles usually spared; self limiting and resolve without intervention (emreports) What is seborrhea dermatitis Cradle cap